Encyclopædia Iranica
Table of Contents
-
HA-GE’ULLAH
Amnon Netzer
Judeo-Persian weekly newspaper published in Tehran between 1920 and 1923.
-
HAAS, WILLIAM S.
Hossein Kamaly
(1883-1956), German-born Iranist, advisor to the Iranian ministry of education and a pioneer of Iranian studies in the United States.
-
ḤABAQUQ, TOMB OF
S. Soroudi
This brick monument, the overall shape of which is comparable with the tomb of Amir Timur in Samarqand, consists essentially of an octagonal tower topped by a conical roof. Each of the eight sides of the roughly 7 meter high tower is embellished with the design of an inset arch.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤABIB AL-ESLĀM
Nasser-al-Din Parvin
Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul, 1929 replacing Amān-e afḡān at the time of Bačča-ye Saqqā.
-
ḤABIB EṢFAHĀNI
Tahsin Yazıcı
(1835-93), MIRZĀ, Iranian poet, grammarian, and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey; noted for his Persian grammar, Dastur-e Soḵan, regarded as the first systematic grammar of the Persian language and a model for many later works.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤABIB-ALLĀH
Ludwig W. Adamec
(1872-1919), Amir, monarch who initiated modernization in Afghanistan.
-
ḤABIB-ALLĀH ḴORĀSĀNI
Jalal Matini
(1850-1909), Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet.
-
ḤABIB-ALLĀH SĀVAJI
Barbara Schmitz
(1587-1628), one of the more conservative artists active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (r. 1587-1628). All we know about him, besides his paintings, is the brief note by his contemporary Qāżi Aḥmad, who, writing in 1596, referred to him as a masterful artist distinguished among his peers.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤABIBĀBĀDI, MOʿALLEM
Cross-Reference
See MOʿALLEM ḤABIBĀBĀDI.
-
ḤABIBIYA SCHOOL
Ludwig W. Adamec
an elite high school for boys established in 1903 in Kabul and named after its founder, Amir Ḥabib-Allāh.
-
ḤABL AL-MATIN
Nassereddin Parvin
(lit. strong cord), name of three newspapers published in Calcutta, Tehran, and Rašt.
-
ḤABLARUD
M. H. Ganji
river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts of Semnān province in northern Persia.
-
ḤADĀʾEQ AL-SEḤR
N. Y. Chalisova
shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of magic in the subtleties of poetry”) by Rašid(-e) Waṭwāt (d. 1182-83).
-
HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP
Aḥmad Birašk
(Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf), a pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50.
-
HĀDI ḤASAN
K. A. Jaisi
Indian scholar of Persian literature (1894-1963).
-
HĀDI SABZAVĀRI
Seyyed Hossein Nasr
(1797-1873), Shaikh Mollā, prominent Islamic philosopher of the Qajar period, also known as a theologian and poet.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤADIQAT AL-ḤAQIQA WA ŠARIʿAT AL-ṬARIQA
J.T.P. de Bruijn
a Persian didactical maṯnawi by the twelfth-century poet Ḥakim Majdud b. Ādam Sanāʾi.
-
HADIŠ (1)
cross-reference
See PALACE i. ACHAEMENID.
-
HADIŠ (2)
Mary Boyce
the Avestan name of a minor Zoroastrian divinity, glossed in Pahlavi (tr. of Visprad 1:9) by mēnōg ī xānag “Spirit of the house.”
-
HADITH
Shahab Ahmed, A. Kazemi-Moussavi, Ismail K. Poonawala, Hamid Algar, Shaul Shaked
term denoting reports that convey the normative words and deeds of the Prophet Moḥammad; it is understood to refer generically to the entire corpus of this literature and to the thousands of individual reports that comprise it.
-
HADITH i. A GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Shahab Ahmed
Hadith literature is understood to be the repository of the sonna (normative conduct) of the Prophet, which is regarded as second in authority only to the Koran as a source of Divine truth.
-
HADITH ii. IN SHIʿISM
A. Kazemi-Moussavi
The Twelver Shiʿite conception of Hadith is generally in line with that of the Sunnites as discussed in Section i. However, Hadith about the Imams are authoritative as well.
-
HADITH iii. IN ISMAʿILISM
Ismail K. Poonawala
Ismaʿilis had neither a Hadith collection of their own nor a distinct Ismaʿili law before the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa in 297/909.
-
HADITH iv. IN SUFISM
Hamid Algar
In keeping with all other categories of Islamic literature, the writings of the Sufis are replete with not only Koranic citations but also quotations of Hadith.
-
HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES
Shaul Shaked
The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.
-
HĀDŌXT NASK
Jean Kellens
(Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven Gaθic (Gāsānīg) nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1).
-
HADRIAN
Ernst Badian
(Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held. He permanently renounced any intervention in Armenia and Parthia.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀʾERI, ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI
Hamid Algar
(1859-1937), Shaikh, an influential “source of emulation” and founder of the institution of religious teaching and guidance in Qom. His literary legacy was relatively meager, the result of his preoccupation with administering the Ḥawza and teaching.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFEZ
Multiple Authors
Celebrated Persian lyric poet (ca. 715-792/1315-1390).
-
HAFEZ i. AN OVERVIEW
Ehsan Yarshater
Hafez is the most popular of Persian poets. Many of his lines have become proverbial sayings, and there are few who cannot recite some of his lyrics.
-
HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ’S LIFE AND TIMES
Bahaʾ-al-Din Khorramshahi and EIr
In spite of this enormous popularity and influence, details of his life are extremely sketchy, and the brief references in taḏkeras (anthologies with biographical sketches) are often unreliable or even purely fictitious.
-
HAFEZ iii. HAFEZ’S POETIC ART
J. T. P. de Bruijn
Perhaps the greatest progress in research on Hafez during the past century has been made in the domain of philology. Critical editions have been published which begin to provide a reliable basis for the study of Hafez’s poetry.
-
HAFEZ iv. LEXICAL STRUCTURE OF HAFEZ’S GHAZALS
D. Meneghini Correale
Despite limitations, it is nevertheless necessary to base textual criticism on complete and reliable lexico-statistical inventories of Hafez’s ghazals.
-
HAFEZ v. MANUSCRIPTS OF HAFEZ
Julie Scott Meisami
A major concern of 20th-century Hafez scholarship has been the establishment of a reliable text of his poems.
-
HAFEZ vi. PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE DIVĀN OF HAFEZ
Bahaʾ-al-Din Khorramshahi and EIr
Printed editions of Hafez’s poems include partial and complete collections, non-critical and critical editions, in lithographic, calligraphic, facsimile, and typeset formats. The first printed edition was commissioned by Richard Johnson of the East India Company and published by Upjohn’s Calcutta press in 1791.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFEZ viii. HAFEZ AND RENDI
Franklin Lewis
Rend, variously translated in English as “rake, ruffian, pious rogue, brigand, libertine, lout, debauchee,” is the very antithesis of establishment propriety.
-
HAFEZ ix. HAFEZ AND MUSIC
Franklin Lewis
The poetics of Hafez depends on a sensuality of language and imagery. Smell, taste, texture, color and certainly sound imagery abound. Translations and adaptations from Hafez have repeatedly been set to music of the Western classical music tradition.
-
HAFEZ x. TRANSLATIONS OF HAFEZ IN ENGLISH
Parvin Loloi
The first poem by Hafez to appear in English was the work of Sir William Jones (1746-94).
-
HAFEZ xi. TRANSLATIONS OF HAFEZ IN GERMAN
Hamid Tafazoli
The name of Hafez is closely associated with that of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in German literature. This is directly attributable to the status Goethe accords Hafez in his West-West-östlicher Divan (1819).
-
HAFEZ xii. HAFEZ AND THE VISUAL ARTS
Priscilla Soucek
The 16th century constitutes the apex in production for illustrated copies of Hafez’s Divān; they were made in several places for a range of patrons. The largest group of the illustrated Hafez manuscripts was produced in Shiraz, the most impressive among them dating to the 1580s.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFEZ xiii. - xiv. HAFEZ’S TOMB (ḤĀFEẒIYA)
Kuros Kamali Sarvestani
The Hafeziya is located south of the Koran Gate (Darvāza-ye Qorʾān) on the northern edge of Shiraz. It is on the site of the famous Golgašt-e Moṣallā, the pleasure ground often mentioned in the poems of Hafez.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀFEẒ EṢFAHĀNI
Parviz Mohebbi
Mawlānā Moḥammad, known as Moḵtareʿ (inventor), 15th-16th century engineer, summoned by the Timurid court of Sultan Ḥosayn Bāyqarā to construct a clock after a European model.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀFEẒ-E ABRU
Maria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville
(d. 1430), author of many historical and historico-geographical works in Persian, which were commissioned by Šāhroḵ, the Timurid ruler of Herat during the first decades of the 15th century.
-
ḤĀFEẒ-E ʿAJAM
Tahsin Yazıcı
HĀFEẒ-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, scholar of religion and author, renowned for his ability to write with speed and in an attractive style.
-
HAFT
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(seven), the heptad and its cultural significance in Persian history. The number has been explained as the symbolic expression of a distinct culture.
-
HAFT AMAHRASPAND YAŠT
Antonio Panaino
or simply Haf-tān yašt, the second hymn of the Avestan corpus. It is dedicated to the seven Zoroastrian entities and recited on the first seven days of the month.
-
HAFT EQLIM
Cross-Reference
See HAFT KEŠVAR.
-
HAFT KEŠVAR
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(seven regions), the usual geographical division of the world in Iranian tradition; ancient Iranians envisioned the world as vast and round and encircled by a high mountain.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFT ḴOSRAVĀNI
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
the seven musical systems or modes attributed to Bārbad, the famous court musician of the Sasanian king Ḵosrow II Parvēz (r. 590-628).
-
HAFT ḴᵛĀN
Olga M. Davidson
the title of two famous episodes in Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, the Haft Ḵᵛān-e Rostam, and the Haft Ḵᵛān-e Esfandiār, describing seven exploits that each hero had to undertake.
-
HAFT LANG
Cross-Reference
See BAḴTIĀRI TRIBE.
-
HAFT OWRANG
cross-reference
See JĀMI.
-
HAFT PEYKAR
François de Blois
a famous romantic epic by Neẓāmi Ganjavi from the last decade of the 6th/12th century. The title can be translated literally as “seven portraits,” but also with the figurative meaning of “seven beauties.”
-
HAFT QOLZOM
Ṣafurā Hušyār
(lit., The seven seas), the title of a Persian dictionary compiled in India in 1813-18 by Abu’l-Moẓaffar Ḡāzi-al-Din Ḥaydar (d. 1827).
-
HAFT SIN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
“seven items beginning with the letter sin (S),” a component of the rituals of the New Year’s Day festival (see NOWRUZ) observed by most Iranians. The items are traditionally displayed on the dining cloth (sofra) that every household spreads out on the floor (or on a table) in a room normally reserved for entertaining guests.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFT TEPE
Ezat O. Negahban
In the 1950s and 1960s, Haft Tepe became part of a large sugar cane plantation. In the course of leveling the land for planting, some of the archaeological remains were destroyed and others exposed. During the construction of the main road to the plantation, a baked brick wall was uncovered and the discovery reported to the Iranian Archaeological Service.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAFTA
Badri Gharib
(“week”), history of the calendar week in Iran.
-
HAFTĀNBŌXT
Mansour Shaki
traditional reading of the name of a legendary warlord in southern Persia, mentioned in the Kār-nāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān (The exploits of Ardašīr son of Pābag).
-
HAFTAVĀN TEPE
Charles Burney
one of the three largest settlement mounds in the Urmia basin, Azerbaijan, covering fifty acres and not far from the village of Haftavān, itself barely two miles from the district town of Salmās.
-
HAFTŌRANG
Antonio Panaino
the circumpolar constellation Ursa Major (UMa), known in Young Avestan literature under the appellative of haptōiriṇga- (only pl. with star- “star”).
-
HAFTVĀD
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(Haftwād), the hero of a legend associated with the rise of the Sasanian Ardašir I (r. 224-39). The Šāh-nāma gives his “strange story” (dāstān-e šegeft).
-
HAGIOGRAPHIC LITERATURE
Jürgen Paul
in Persia and Central Asia. Hagiographic literature may be defined broadly as a biographical genre devoted to individuals enjoying an exclusive religious status as “saints” or “holy men” in the eyes of the authors.
-
HAGMATĀNA
Cross-Reference
See HAMADĀN.
-
HAIFA
Hossein Amanat
a port city in northwestern Israel and the site of a number of significant Bahai holy places, administrative buildings, and historical monuments. Bahais consider it their most sacred location after the shrine of Mirzā Ḥosayn-ʿAli Nuri Bahāʾ-Allāh, the prophet of the Bahai faith, situated across the bay in nearby ʿAkkā.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAIKU
Eva Lucie Witte
a Japanese poetic form adopted and employed by Iranian poets since the second half of the 20th century.
-
ḤAIM, MOREH ḤAḴĀM
Amnon Netzer
eminent Jewish scholar (b. Tehran, 1872; d. Tehran, 1942).
-
ḤAIM, ŠEMUʾEL
Amnon Netzer
generally known as Monsieur Ḥaim or Mister Ḥaim, journalist and Majles deputy (b. Kermānšāh, 1891; executed Tehran, Dec. 15, 1931).
-
ḤAIM, SOLAYMĀN
Amnon Netzer
twentieth-century lexicographer, became known as one of the first serious lexicographers to prepare Persian-language dictionaries into and from English, French and Hebrew (1886-1970).
-
HAJAR
Cross-Reference
See BAHRAIN.
-
HAJĀR
cross-reference
-
ḤĀJEB
C. Edmund Bosworth, Rudi Matthee
administrative and then military office in the pre-modern Iranian world.
-
ḤĀJEB i. IN THE MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD
C. Edmund Bosworth
The office of ḥājeb, implying military command, appears in the Iranian world with the Samanids, where it probably grew out of the amir’s domestic household.
-
ḤĀJEB ii. IN THE SAFAVID AND QAJAR PERIODS
Rudi Matthee
In the Safavid period the ḥājeb, the major domo or master of ceremony, was called the išik-āqāsi-bāši, literally “head of the masters of the threshold.”
-
ḤĀJI ʿALILU
Pierre Oberling
a Turkic tribe of Persian Azerbaijan. Its main branch lives north of Varzaqān and Ahar, in Qarājadāḡ (Arasbārān); another branch dwells in the vicinity of Marāḡa.
-
ḤĀJI ĀQĀ
F. Farzaneh
a satirical novella by Ṣādeq Hedāyat, published in the journal Soḵan in 1945, followed by a second edition in 1952.
-
ḤĀJI BĀBĀ
Nasseredin Parvin
a satirical and politically critical newspaper, published in Tehran, 1949-53.
-
ḤĀJI BĀBĀ AFŠĀR
Anna Vanzan
son of an officer in the army of the Crown Prince ʿAbbās Mirzā and one of the first Persian students sent to study in Europe (1811).
-
ḤĀJI BĀBĀ OF EṢFAHĀN
cross-reference
-
ḤĀJI FIRUZ
Mahmoud Omidsalar
a prominent type of traditional folk entertainer, who appears as a street performer in the days preceding Nowruz. The Ḥāji Firuz entertains passers-by by singing traditional songs and dancing and playing his tambourine for a few coins.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀJI MIRZĀ ĀQĀSI
Cross-Reference
grand vizier of Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār (r. 1250-64/1834-48) between 1251-64/1835-48. See ĀQĀSI, ḤĀJI MIRZĀ.
-
ḤĀJI PIĀDA
cross-reference
Mosque of. See ISFAHAN x, MONUMENTS.
-
ḤĀJI PIRZĀDA
Anna Vanzan
(d. 1904), Moḥammad ʿAli Nāʾini, Persian sufi and traveler, whose diary follows the convention of the Qajar safar-nāmas in its description of the wonders seen abroad; he expresses a sincere apprehension for those Iranians abroad whom he felt had forgotten their culture and religion.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀJI VĀŠANGTON
Hossein Kamaly
In his dispatches to Persia Ḥāji Vāšangton presented information about the American political system and society. He openly admired the Americans’ disdain for Europeans and regarded Americans as “alert, intelligent, learned, polite, and wealthy.” He stressed that all government dignitaries were “servants of the people.”
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAJIABAD
Philippe Gignoux, EIr
(Ḥājiābād), site of bilingual inscription of Šāpur I on the wall of a cave near Persepolis. OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The Inscriptions. ii. The Texts.
-
HAJIABAD i. INSCRIPTIONS
Philippe Gignoux
The Hajiabad inscriptions in Parthian and Middle Persian were discovered in 1818 in a grotto a few kilometers north of Persepolis. This text describes a feat of archery by King Šāpūr I performed in the presence of kings and princes, of the grandees and the nobles.
-
HAJIABAD ii. THE TEXTS
EIr
“This (is) the bowshot of me, the Mazda-worshipping god Shapur, king of kings of Eran and Non-Eran ..."
-
ḤĀJIĀNI
Bruno Nettl
a guša or subdivision of a mode in the canonic repertory (radif) of Persian classical music.
-
HAJJ
cross-reference
See PILGRIMAGE, forthcoming online.
-
ḤĀJJ SAYYĀḤ
Ali Ferdowsi
(ca. 1836-1925), constitutionalist and human rights activist who pursued democratic political reforms in Persia; the first modern Persian to tour the world, the first to become a naturalized U.S. citizen, wrote the first modernist Persian book of travels and the first modern prison notebook.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAJJI BABA OF ISPAHAN
Abbas Amanat
hero of The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan by James Justinian Morier (3 vols., London, 1824), the most popular Oriental novel in the English language and a highly influential stereotype of the so-called “Persian national character” in modern times.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAJW
J. T. P. de Bruijn
and its synonym hejā, two of the many terms which denote types of humorous writing or light verse in Persian.
-
ḤAKAMI
Mohammad-Mahdi Khalaji
(ca.1848-1925-6), Mirzā ʿALI-AKBAR, philosopher and theosopher, known in his lifetime as Ḥakim but later referred to as Ḥakami.
-
ḤĀKEM
cross-reference
See ADMINISTRATION.
-
ḤĀKEM BE-AMR-ALLĀH
Farhad Daftary
ABU ʿALI MANṢUR, the sixth Fatimid caliph and sixteenth Ismaʿili Imam (r. 996-1021), arguably the most controversial member of the Fatimid dynasty.
-
ḤAKIM ʿALAWI KHAN
Farid Ghassemlou
an Iranian physician and author in the service of the Mughal Emperor Moḥammad Shah as his chief physician with the title of Moʾtamen-al-Moluk.
-
ḤAKIM ATĀ
Devin DeWeese
a Central Asian Sufi; he is usually named as a direct disciple of Aḥmad Yasavi, and would therefore have lived in the early 13th century.
-
ḤAKIM TERMEḎI
Bernd Radtke
(ca. 820-830-ca. 907-12), ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAli, a prolific mystic author, many of whose writings have survived.
-
ḤAKIMI, EBRĀHIM
Abbas Milani and EIr
Ḥakimi was born into an old and prominent family of court physicians. The family had been court physicians since the 17th century, starting with the eponym of the family, Moḥammad-Dāwud Khan Ḥakim, a physician at the courts of the Safavid Shah Ṣafi and Shah ʿAbbās II and the founder of the Ḥakim Mosque in Isfahan.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤAKIMOVA, MAWJUDA
Evelin Grassi
(1932-1993), Soviet Tajik poetess, editor, and dramatist. Her poetry consists mainly of lyric miniatures on the theme of love and all manifestations of the natural world, from the Pamir mountains to the simplest flower plucked in a park in the suburbs of Dushanbe.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀL
Jean During
(lit. condition, state), an essential notion in Persian arts, especially music, which is supposed to bring about a meditative state.
-
ḤALABI, ABU'L-ṢĀLEḤ
Etan Kohlberg
Taqi-al-Din b. Najm-al-Din b. ʿObayd-Allāh b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Moḥammad (b. 984-85, d. 1055), Imami jurist and theologian.
-
ḤALABI, MAḤMUD
Mahmoud Sadri
(1900-1998), Shaikh, charismatic cleric and founder of the Ḥojjatiya Association whose primary objective was to meet the polemical challenge of the Bahai faith and the perceived danger of its aggressive missionary activity in Persia.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤALĀL O ḤARĀM
Dana al-Sajdi
a pair of Islamic legal terms: ḥalāl meaning permissible, and ḥarām meaning prohibited. Both terms occur in the Koran numerous times.
-
ḤĀLAT, ABU’L-QĀSEM
Hušang Etteḥād
Ḥālat is considered by some observers to be the greatest contemporary Persian satirical poet. His enormous success and mastery of satirical prose and, especially, poetry have sometimes earned him the titles of Malek-al-šoʿarāʾ, Sayyed-al-šoʿarāʾ, and Amir-al-šoʿarā.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀLI, ALṬĀF ḤOSAYN
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HALICARNASSUS
Bruno Genito
ancient town of Caria, near the present-day city of Bodrum in Turkey, once seat of a kingdom which was a tributary of Persia.
-
HALIL RUD
M. H. Ganji
river in the Jiroft and Kahnuj districts of Kerman Province in southeastern Iran, which stretches a total length of 390 km.
-
ḤALIM
Etrat Elahi
a traditional Persian breakfast dish for the winter, now served at lunch and dinner as well, made with lamb and wheat.
-
ḤALIMI, LOṬF-ALLĀH
Tahsin Yazici
b. Abi Yusof, an Ottoman poet and lexicographer of Persian origin (d. 1516).
-
ḤALLĀJ, ABU’L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN
Jawid Mojaddedi
b. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi (857-922), popularly referred to in Persian literature as “Manṣur-e Ḥallāj,” controversial Arabic-speaking mystic from Fārs, whose execution has been considered a major turning-point in the history of Islamic mysticism.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HALLOCK, RICHARD TREADWELL
Charles E. Jones and Matthew W. Stolper
(1906-1980), Elamitologist and Assyriologist, whose magnum opus, Persepolis Fortification Tablets, transformed the study of the languages and history of Achaemenid Persia.
-
ḤALWĀ
Etrat Elahi
(Ar. ḥalwāʾ, Pers. ḥalwā “sweetmeat”), a generic term applied to various kinds of sweet dishes and fruits.
-
HĄM.VAINTĪ
Bernfried Schlerath
Zoroastrian divinity “Victory,” only attested as a companion with Āxšti “Peace.”
-
HAMADĀN
Multiple Authors
province, governorship, and city located in the Zagros region of western Persia.
-
HAMADĀN i. GEOGRAPHY
Parviz Aḏkāʾi and EIr
Hamadān is one of the western provinces of Persia, situated to the southwest of Tehran between latitudes 33°59′ and 35°48′ N and longitudes 47°34′ and 49°36′ E. The city of Hamadān is located at an altitude of 1,645 m on the eastern slope of the Alvand massif. In the National Physical Plan (Ṭarḥ-e kālbodi-e melli), which divides the country into 10 regions, the province is identified as a part of the central Zagros sub-region.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN ii. POPULATION
Habibollah Zanjani
A part of the population of Hamadān consists of migrating tribes. According to the census definition most parts of these tribes are considered as rural population and only a small part as non-sedentary. Nevertheless, census data provide some information concerning their number, tribal name and other social characteristics.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN iii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
Xavier de Planhol
The city of Hamadān lies at the extreme northwest of the series of major urban sites stretching along the line of contact between the Zagros range and the central plateau.
-
HAMADĀN iv. URBAN PLAN
Abdolhamid Eshragh
Hamadān is the only city in Persia which has a star-shaped urban design, with six boulevards and a network of avenues autonomously branching out in various directions from the circular city center.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN v. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
Cross-Reference
See ECBATANA.
-
HAMADĀN vi. HISTORY, ISLAMIC PERIOD
Parviz Aḏkāʾi
At the end of 23/643, Jarir conquered Hamadān and its surroundings again by force, and made peace with the populace on terms similar to those of the Nehāvand settlement.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN vii. MONUMENTS
Ali Mousavi and EIr
The city of Hamadān, besides its pre-Islamic remains, contains some important Islamic monuments. The most significant is the mausoleum called Gonbad-e ʿAlawiān, square and massive, almost entirely of baked brick. Its façade was once covered with opulent stucco decoration.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN viii. JEWISH COMMUNITY
Houman Sarshar
The relative religious freedom that existed in Persia at Yudḡān’s time had widespread effects on the Jewish communities, in Hamadān in particular. Religious authorities of the two Talmudic schools in Iraq were able to better influence the Jewish communities of Persia, opening yeshivas in Hamadān.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀN ix. JEWISH DIALECT
Donald Stilo
According to Ehsan Yarshater’s informants, the Jewish community had dwindled from around 13,000 souls in 1920 to less than 1,000 by 1969, and of these about half originated from the Jewish communities of Malāyer, Tuyserkān, and various points in Kurdistan.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMADĀNI, ABU YAʿQUB YUSOF
cross-reference
See ABU YAʿQUB HAMADĀNI.
-
HAMADĀNI, BADIʿ-AL-ZAMĀN
cross-reference
-
HAMADĀNI, SAYYED ʿALI
Parviz Aḏkāʾi
b. Sayyed Šehāb-al-Din (1314-1384), Sufi author and preacher who undertook a celebrated mission to convert the people of Kashmir to Islam.
-
HAMADĀNIĀN FACTORIES AND ENDOWMENTS
Habib Borjian
Established by ʿAli Hamadāniān (1907-63) and his brother Ḥosayn (1909-78), entrepreneurs and industrialists based in Isfahan, these include textile, cement, and sugar factories.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMAN
Shaul Shaked
the chief courtier of King Ahasuerus (Xerxes), according to the story of the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. He is portrayed as the villain of the narrative.
-
HAMĀRAKARA
Muhammad A.Dandamayev
(*hmāra-kara-, lit. “account-maker”), “bookkeeper,” an Old Iranian title attested in various sources of Achaemenid and later times.
-
HAMASPATHMAĒDAYA
cross-reference
See GĀHANBĀR; FRAWARDIGĀN.
-
ḤAMĀVAND
Pierre Oberling
(from MOḤAMMADVAND), a Kurdish tribe of northeastern Iraq which has been described as “the most celebrated fighting tribe of southern Kurdistan.”
-
ḤAMAYD
Pierre Oberling
an Arab tribe of Ḵuzestān. In the early 1900s, it dwelled mostly in the boluk of Ḥamayd, on the left bank of the Kārun river.
-
HAMĀZŌR
Mary Boyce and F. M. Kotwal
a Zoroastrian Persian adjective “of the same strength” which occurs only in a formula of greeting, in ritual uses accompanied by the giving of hands.
-
ḤAMD-ALLĀH MOSTAWFI
Charles Melville
historian and geographer of the Il-khanid period (1281-1344), author of Tāriḵ-e gozida, Ẓafar-nāma, and Nozhat al-qolub.
-
ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ
Wilferd Madelung
b. al-Ašʿaṯ (d. 933), Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the Ismaʿili movement in Iraq.
-
HAMDARD ISLAMICUS
Ansar Zahid Khan
English-language quarterly for Islamic Studies, founded in Pakistan in 1978. Published by the Hamdard Foundation of Pakistan.
-
ḤĀMED BAL-ḴEŻR AL-ḴOJANDI
David Pingree
ABU MAḤMUD, mathematician and astronomer of the 10th century. His nesba suggests that he originated from Ḵojand in Ferḡāna.
-
ḤĀMEDI EṢFAHĀNI
Tahsin Yazici
(or Ḥāmedi ʿAjam), a poet of Persian origin (1439-ca. 1485) at the court of the Ottoman Sultan Moḥammad Fāteḥ (Mehmed the Conquerer).
-
HAMĒSTAGĀN
Philippe Gignoux
a word of uncertain etymology, used in Pahlavi literature to designate the intermediate stage between paradise and hell.
-
HAMGAR, MAJD-AL-DIN
Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā
(1210-1287), MAJD-AL-DIN B. AḤMAD, known also as Ebn-e Hamgar (hamgar means “weaver”), an important poet of the 13th century.
-
ḤAMID QALANDAR
Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
(d. 1366), author of Ḵayr al-majāles, the obiter dicta (malfuẓāt) of the Češti shaikh Naṣir-al-Din Maḥmud Čerāḡ-e Dehli, Ḥamid’s father,
-
ḤAMID-AL-DIN ABU BAKR BALḴI
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
ḤAMID-AL-DIN KERMĀNI
Farhad Daftary
(d. after 1020-21), ABU’L-ḤASAN AḤMAD b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Moḥammad, a prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi and one of the most accomplished Ismaʿili theologians and philosophers of the Fatimid period.
-
ḤAMIDI ŠIRĀZI
Jafar Moayyad Shirazi
Ḥamidi left Shiraz for Tehran in 1934 and enrolled in the Teachers College of Tehran University, where he received a B.A. degree in Persian Literature in 1937, graduating at the top of his class. He returned to Shiraz as a high school teacher, and a year later he published his first collection of poems, Šoku-fahā “Blossoms.”
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAMKALĀM
Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal
“of the same word, ” a Zoroastrian-Persian priestly technical term.
-
ḤAMMĀM-E WAKĪL
Karāmat-Allāh Afsar
(bathhouse of the Wakil), a historic monument in Shiraz built by Karim Khan Zand “the Wakil” (r. 1751-79) after 1776.
-
HAMMER-PURGSTALL, JOSEPH FREIHERR von
J. T. P. de Bruijn
(1774-1856), prolific Austrian orientalist, among whose many works is the first ever complete translation of the Divān of Ḥāfeẓ into a Western language.
-
HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE
Eckart Ehlers, Gherardo Gnoli
(or simply Hāmun), lit. “lake of the plain, lowland,” a lake covering the deepest part of the Sistān depression and the Sistān watershed.
-
HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE i. GEOGRAPHY
Eckart Ehlers
The Sistān basin is the easternmost endorheic basin in Persia, draining a watershed 350,000 km2.
-
HĀMUN, DARYĀČA-YE ii. IN LITERATURE AND MYTHOLOGY
Gherardo Gnoli
In the literature and mythology of ancient Persia, Lake Hāmun occupied, along with the Helmand Riiver, a position of particular importance, especially in Zoroastrian eschatology.
-
ḤAMZA B. ĀḎARAK
C. Edmund Bosworth
or Atrak or ʿAbd-Allāh Abu Ḵozayma (d. 828), Kharijite rebel in Sistān and Khorasan during early ʿAbbasid times.
-
HAMZA NİGARİ
Tahsin Yazi
(Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (d. 1886).
-
ḤAMZA-NĀMA
William L. Hanaway, Jr., Frances W. Pritchett
a popular prose romance transmitted orally and written down at a time unknown.
-
ḤAMZA-NĀMA i. GENERAL
William L. Hanaway, Jr.
The hero of Ḥamza-nāma is Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, whose adventures are thought to be a conflation of stories from eastern Persia about Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-Allāh the Kharijite (d. 797-8).
-
ḤAMZA-NĀMA ii. In the Subcontinent
Frances W. Pritchett
The Indo-Persian romance tradition, extending from the medieval period to the early 20th century, produced prose works of considerable literary and cultural interest, chief among which were many versions of the Ḥamza romance.
-
HANAFITE MAḎHAB
Merlin Swartz
a school of Sunni jurisprudence named after Abu Ḥanifa Noʿmān b. Ṯābet (699-767), an early Kufan jurist and theologian of Persian descent.
-
HANBALITE MAḎHAB
Merlin Swartz
a school of Sunni law and theology named after Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 855) which was founded largely under his influence in Baghdad.
-
HANG-E AFRĀSIĀB
A. Sh. Shahbazi
in the national epic, the cave in which Afrāsiāb, the fugitive king of Turān, spent his last days.
-
HĀNIBĀL, ʿALI
Ali Boloukbashi
(1891-1966), Russian-born Persian scholar and founder of the first journal of anthropology (majalla-ye mardom-šenāsi) in Persia.
-
HĀNSAVI
S. H. Qasemi
(1184/85-1260/61), Shaikh, mystic, poet, and author.
-
HANWAY, JONAS
Ernest Tucker
(1712-86), an English merchant who traveled to Persia and wrote an account of the trip which provides an eyewitness view of northern Iran during Nāder Shah’s last years.
-
ḤANẒALA BĀDḠISI
François de Blois
one of the earliest (possibly the earliest) Persian poets of whom we have any record.
-
HAOMA
Dieter Taillieu, Mary Boyce
Avestan name for a plant and its divinity.
-
HAOMA i. BOTANY
Dieter Taillieu
Haoma is the Avestan name for a plant and its divinity, Mid. Pers. hōm, Sogd. xwm, Pers. and other living Iranian languages hōm, hūm and related forms.
-
HAOMA ii. THE RITUALS
Mary Boyce
Haoma yields the essential ingredient for the parahaoma, the consecrated liquid prepared during the main act of worship, the Yasna, and its extensions, the Visperad and Vendidad.
-
ḤAQIQAT (1)
Nasseredin Parvin
(“truth”), title of six different Persian-language newspapers or periodicals, published at various times in Tehran, Rašt, Isfahan, Kabul, and Aarhus (Denmark).
-
ḤAQIQAT (2)
Habib Borjian
(“truth,” apparently a rendering of Russian Pravda), the title of several newspapers in Tajik Persian.
-
HARĀ BƎRƎZAITĪ
cross-reference
See ALBORZ.
-
HARAHUVATIŠ
cross-reference
See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.
-
HARAIVA
cross-reference
See HERAT i.
-
HARĀSP
cross-reference
See ZAV.
-
HARĀT
cross-reference
See HERĀT.
-
HARAXVATIŠ
cross-reference
See ARACHOSIA; ROḴAJ.
-
HARBURZ
Cross-Reference
In ancient Iranian tradition, the mountain at the middle of the earth’s surface; see ALBORZ ii. Alborz in Myth and Legend.
-
HARDINGE, ARTHUR
Denis Wright
(1859-1933), Sir, British diplomat, who worked assiduously and effectively to counter the influence of Russia and enhance that of Britain.
-
HARDINGE, CHARLES
Denis Wright
(1858-1944), Lord, First Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, British diplomat.
-
HAREM
Multiple Authors
(Ar. and Pers. ḥaram “sanctuary”), wives and other female associates in former aristocratic families and the secluded quarter of a house reserved for them.
-
HAREM i. IN ANCIENT IRAN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
There is no evidence for the practice among the early Iranians of taking large numbers of wives or concubines and keeping them in secluded quarters.
-
HAREM ii. IN THE QAJAR PERIOD
Anna Vanzan
Women played an important role in the life of the Qajar monarchs. Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah and Nāṣer-al-Din Shah, in particular, kept a large harem.
-
ḪARḪAR
Inna Medvedskaya
a land and a city at the western border of Media. It was taken several times by the Assyrian kings Shalmanaser III (r. 860-825 BCE) and Adad-nerari III (r. 812-782).
-
HARI RUD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
ḤARIRA
Etrat Elahi
a very light and diluted Persian dish made of fine wheat flour or wheat starch, or with rice flour or rice powder.
-
HARISA
Etrat Elahi
a cooked dish made from a mixture of grains, usually half-ground wheat and barley, and meat, usually lamb and more recently sometimes beef.
-
HARKARN DĀS KANBŌH
S.H. Qasemi
the first Hindu author of a Persian work, Eršād al-ṭālebin, commonly known as Enšāʾ-e Harkarn, a collection of documents and model letters.
-
HARKI
Pierre Oberling
(Herki), a Kurdish tribe of western Azerbaijan, eastern Anatolia, and northeastern Iraq.
-
HARP
Bo Lawergren
(čang), a string instrument which flourished in Persia in many forms from its introduction, about 3000 BCE, until the 17th century.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HARPAGOS
Muhammad A. Dandamayev
a Median magnate and the trusted advisor of the last Median king Astyages, In 550 BCE, during the war between the Medes and Persians, Harpagosdefected to support Cyrus II.
-
ḤARRĀN
C. E. Bosworth
an ancient town of Upper Mesopotamia, now located in the modern Turkish province of Diyarbakir approximately 40 km/25 miles south-southeast of Edessa, or Urfa.
-
HARRIMAN MISSION
Fakhreddin Azimi
The American diplomat W. Averell Harriman was sent to Tehran in July 1951 to mediate between Persia and Great Britain after Persian nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company.
-
HARTNER, WILLY
A. Panaino
(1905-1981), professor of the History of Sciences specializing in astronomy, author of many works devoted to Oriental studies, including ancient Persian calendar systems.
-
HĀRUN AL-MONAJJEM
David Pingree
(d. 987), astronomer, astrologer, and Hadith expert.
-
HĀRUN AL-RAŠID
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 809), HĀRUN B. MOḤAMMAD B. ʿABD-ALLĀH, the fifth caliph of the ʿAbbasid dynasty (r. 786-809), the third son of the caliph al-Mahdi.
-
HĀRUN B. ALTUNTAŠ
C. E. Bosworth
son of a Turkish slave commander of Maḥmud of Ghazna who served as governor in Kᵛārazm 1032-35, first for the Ghaznavids, and then as an independent ruler.
-
HĀRUN WELĀYAT
cross-reference
See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.
-
HĀRUT and MĀRUT
A. Shapur Shahbazi
two fallen angels who taught mankind magic in Babylon, mentioned once in the Koran. Their names derive from the Zoroastrian Ḵordād and Amurdād, two of the Aməša Spəntas.
-
HARZANI
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
ḪARZIANU
I. N. Medvedskaya
a city and a district in Media, mentioned in the Assyrian texts of the time of Sargon II (r. 722–705 BCE).
-
ḤASAB O NASAB
Louise Marlow
term used in Arabic and New Persian literature to express complementary aspects of the concept of nobility.
-
ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN
Tahsin Yaziçi
full name: ḤASAN B. ʿABD-AL-MOʾMEN, ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ḴOʾI, 13th-century scribe, poet, and lexicographer from Azerbaijan.
-
ḤASAN B. ʿABD-ALLĀH
cross-reference
B. AL-MARZOBĀN AL-SIRĀFI. See SIRĀFI, ABU SAʿID ḤASAN.
-
ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-ʿASKARI
cross-reference
See ʿASKARI, ḤASAN B. ʿALI.
-
ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-QOMMI
David Pingree
ABU NAṢR, astrologer of the late 10th century.
-
ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB
Wilferd Madelung
eldest surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema, and second Imam of the Šiʿa after his father ʿAli.
-
ḤASAN B. MOHAMMAD NIŠĀBURI
cross-reference
-
ḤASAN B. MUSĀ NOWBAḴTI
cross-reference
-
ḤASAN B. NUḤ B. YUSOF
Ismail K. Poonawala
a Mostaʿli Ṭayyebi Ismaʿili savant and the author of Ketāb al-azhār, a chrestomathy of Ismaʿili literature (d. 1533).
-
ḤASAN B.TIMURTAŠ B. ČUBĀN KUČAK
Cross-Reference
See CHOBANIDS.
-
ḤASAN BAṢRI
Christopher Melchert
(642-728), ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR, an important early Muslim preacher, theologian, jurist, Koran-reciter, and ascetic.
-
ḤASAN BEG RUMLU
Sh. Quinn
(b. 1530-31), author of Aḥsan al-tawāriḵ and a cavalryman (qurči) of the Rumlu Turkman tribe of qezelbāš during the reign of Shah Ṭahmāsb Ṣafawi.
-
ḤASAN BOZORG B. ḤOSAYN
cross-reference
See JALAYERIDS.
-
ḤASAN GĀNGU
M. Shokoohy
ʿALĀ ʿ-AL-DIN ḤASAN BAHMANŠĀH (r. 1347-57), a Khorasani adventurer at the court of Delhi.
-
ḤASAN II
Farhad Daftary
ʿALĀ ḎEKREHE’L-SALĀM, Nezāri Ismaʿili Imam and the fourth ruler of Alamut (1162-66). The most important event of his brief reign was his declaration of the qiāma (the Resurrection).
-
ḤASAN KHAN QĀJĀR SĀRI AṢLĀN
cross-reference
See SĀRI ASÂLĀN.
-
ḤASAN ṢABBĀḤ
Farhad Daftary
(1050s-1124), prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the medieval Nezāri Ismaʿili state.
-
ḤASAN ŠIRĀZI
Hamid Algar
(1814-1895), MIRZĀ MOḤAMMAD, often referred to as Mirzā-ye Širāzi, leading Shiʿite cleric chiefly renowned for the role he played in the celebrated Tobacco Boycott of 1892.
-
ḤASAN-ʿALI BEG BESṬĀMI
Ernest Tucker
one of Nāder Shah’s closest associates, who held the title moʿayyer al-mamālek or “chief assayer” and played an important advisory role throughout Nāder’s reign.
-
ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA
cross-reference
See ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA, ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ.
-
ḤASAN-E ḠAZNAVI
Julie Scott Meisami
(d. ca. 1161), SAYYED EMĀM AŠRAF ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNI, poet chiefly associated with the court of the Ghaznavid ruler Bahrāmšāh.
-
ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM
Wilferd Madelung
Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and taught three Caspian Zaydi imams.
-
ḤASANLU TEPPE
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
archeological site in West Azerbaijan Province in northwest Persia, a short distance southwest of Lake Urmia (former Reżāʾiya). OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The site. ii. The golden bowl.
-
ḤASANLU TEPPE i. THE SITE
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤASANLU TEPPE ii. THE GOLDEN BOWL
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
The “gold bowl of Ḥasanlu” was found in the debris of Burned Building I West on the Citadel Mound at Ḥasanlu in 1958. It had fallen into room 9 in the southeastern corner of the building.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤASANVAND
Pierre Oberling
a Lor tribe of the Piškuh region in Lorestān. In the 1870s it numbered some 2,500 families distributed among 16 tiras.
-
ḤĀŠEM, RAḤIM
Habib Borjian
(1908,-1993), Tajik essayist, literary critic, and translator, who is considered to have been one of the founders of modern Tajik literature.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HĀŠEMIDS
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E HĀŠEM.
-
HASHISH
Cross-Reference
See BANG.
-
ḤASIBI, KĀẒEM
Bagher Agheli and EIr
(1906-1990), political figure and university professor. When the oil industry was nationalized in 1951, Ḥasibi, as Deputy Minister of Finance, became a member of the delegation charged with the eviction of the former oil company. He accompanied Dr. Moṣaddeq to the U.N. Security Council.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAŠT BEHEŠT (1)
cross-reference
See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.
-
HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)
Michele Bernardini
(lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.
-
HAŠTPAR
Marcel Bazin
city in the western part of Gilān Province, center of the šahrestān (sub-provincial district) of Ṭāleš (or Tāleš).
-
HAŠTPĀY
Antonio Panaino
name of a game from the Sasanian era which has not been precisely identified.
-
HAŠTRUD
Z. Sadrolashrafi
a sub-province (šahrestān) in the south of Azerbaijan, situated between lat 36°45’ and 37°24’ N, long 46°25’ and 47°24’ E, some 134 km from Tabriz and 101 km from Miāna Sub-province.
-
HAŠTRUDI, MOḤSEN
A. Shadi Tahvildar-Zadeh and Fariborz Majidi
In Tehran, Mohsen Hastrudi was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Science of the Dānešsarā-ye ʿāli and became full professor in 1941. He was also appointed the Director of Tehran’s Department of Education, President of the University of Tabriz (1951), and the Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Tehran (1957).
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤĀTAMI, ʿALI
Jamsheed Akrami
(b. Tehran, 1944; d. Tehran, 1996), Iranian scriptwriter and film director. For all his interest in dealing with the characters and incidents shaping the political and social history of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, Ḥātami’s films are not particularly concerned with faithful representation and historical accuracy.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HATAMTU
Cross-Reference
See ELAM.
-
HATARIA, MANEKJI LIMJI
Firoze M. Kotwal, Jamsheed K. Choksy, Christopher J. Brunner, and Mahnaz Moazami
(1813-1890), emissary of the Parsis of India to the Zoroastrians of Iran from 1854 to 1890. His forebears were among the Zoroastrian migrants from Safavid Persia to the major commercial port of Surat.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HĀTEF, SAYYED AḤMAD EṢFAHĀNI
Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā and EIr
(d. 1783), an influential poet of the 18th century.
-
HĀTEFI, ʿABD-ALLĀH
Michele Bernardini
(d. Ḵargerd, 1521) Persian poet and nephew of ʿAbd-al-Rahmān Jāmi.
-
ḤĀTEM ṬĀʾI
Mahmoud Omidsalar
the epitome of generosity and munificence in Arabic and Persian anecdotal traditions.
-
ḤĀTEM-NĀMA
Pegah Shahbaz
a popular prose romance by an unknown author, consisting of the imaginary adventures of Ḥātem Ṭāʾi, the pre-Islamic Arab noble, renowned for his boundless generosity and graceful hospitality.
-
HATRA
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Ḥaṭrā; Ar. Ḥażr), a strongly fortified city in Upper Mesopotamia (today northern Iraq), situated at lat 35°40′ N, long 42°45′ E in the midst of the desert steppe of the northern Jazīra.
-
HAUG, MARTIN
Almut Hintze
(1827-1876) Oriental scholar and one of the founders of Iranian studies. His contributions to Old and Middle Iranian studies remained influential well into the twentieth century.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAUMAVARGĀ
Rüdiger Schmitt
a term distinguishing one of the three groups of Sakā tribes, Sakā haumavargā, in some of the lists of the peoples in the Achaemenid royal inscriptions.
-
HAURVATĀT
cross-reference
See HORDĀD; AMƎŠA SPƎNTA.
-
ḤĀWI, AL-
Lutz Richter-Bernburg
(i.e., al-Ketāb al-ḥāwi fi’l-ṭebb “Comprehensive book on medicine”), the title of a major Arabic work on medicine in twenty-five volumes by Abu Bakr Moḥammad.
-
HAWK
Cross-Reference
See BĀZ.
-
HAWRAMAN
cross-reference
See AVROMAN.
-
ḤAWZA-YE ʿELMIYA
Cross-Reference
-
HAXAMĀNIŠ
cross-reference
See ACHAEMENES.
-
ḤAYĀT-DĀWUDI
Pierre Oberling
a sedentary Lor tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Ḥayāt-dāwūd, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Māhur-e Mīlāti mountains, northwest of Bušehr.
-
HAYĀṬELA
cross-reference
See HEPHTHALITES.
-
HAYʾATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI
Cross-Reference
-
ḤAYĀTI TABRIZI, QĀSEM BEG
Kioumars Ghereghlou
16th-century Persian historian, whose chronicle, Tāriḵ, spans the period between Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din Esḥāq Ardabili and Shah Esmāʿil I.
-
ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY
Tahsin Yazici
or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.
-
ḤAYDAR ʿALI EṢFAHĀNI, Ḥājji Mirzā
Moojan Momen
(b. Isfahan, ca. 1830; d. Haifa, 1920), Bahāʾi polemicist.
-
ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMU-OḠLI
Alireza Sheikholeslami
(1880-1921), revolutionary activist who used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century. Forced to leave Persia in 1911, he was sent back by the Bolsheviks to settle the conflict between the Jangalis and the Communist Party of Persia in Gilān.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤAYDAR MIRZĀ ṢAFAVI
Michel M. Mazzaoui
Safavid prince who considered himself to be the chosen successor of his father, Shah Ṭahmāsb, but was killed immediately after the latter’s death on 14 May 1576.
-
ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(ca. 1459-88), spiritual leader of the Ṣafaviya Sufi order and father of Shah Esmāʿil I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
-
ḤAYDAR, Mir
Cross-Reference
See MANGHITS.
-
ḤAYDARI and NEʿMATI
John R. Perry
(also Amir-Ḥaydari; Neʿmat-Allāhi), mutually hostile urban moieties of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran.
-
HĀYEDA
Erik Nakjavani
(b. Tehran, 1942; d. San Jose, Calif., 1990), popular Persian singer. Hāyeda primarily distinguished herself by a naturally rich, operatic alto voice. For nearly two decades, she performed the āvāz and interpreted popular traditional and contemporary songs, all based on the modal system of traditional Persian music.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤAYRAT, MOḤAMMAD ṢEDDIQ
Habib Borjian
(1878-1902) Tajik poet from Bukhar, literary scholars praise him as one of the best Persian poets of the late 19th century
-
HAYTON
Peter Jackson
an Armenian prince, lord of the city of Gorighos in Cilicia, and nephew of King Hetʿum I; he was exiled by his cousin King Hetʿum II and lived as a monk in Cyprus before moving to Poitiers in France, where in 1307 he composed a treatise commissioned by Pope Clement V outlining the conduct of a crusade.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤAYYA ʿALĀ ḴAYR AL-ʿAMAL
Meir M. Bar-Asher
a religious formula, meaning “Come to the best of actions,” included in the call to prayer (aḏān) by all three major branches of Shiʿism, Twelvers, Zaydis and Ismaʿilis.
-
HAŽĀR
Keith Hitchins
pen name of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Šarafkandi (b. Mahābād, 1921; d. Tehran, 1991), Kurdish poet, philologist, and translator. A master of traditional Kurdish poetry, he infused the content of his poems with a new, uncompromising militancy. His language is simple and direct, close to the spoken form.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAZĀR AFSĀN
Cross-Reference
The Persian title of The Arabian Nights, the world-famous collection of tales. See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.
-
HAZĀR O YAK ŠAB
cross-reference
See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.
-
HAZĀRA
Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer
the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, after the Pashtuns and the Tājiks, who represent nearly a fifth of the total population. OVERVIEW of article: i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt, ii. History, iii. Ethnography and social organization, iv. Hazāragi dialect.
-
HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt
Arash Khazeni
Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan. In some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical one–that of Afghanistan’s Turko-Mongol Shiʿites.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY
Alessandro Monsutti
Among the Hazāras themselves, three main theories exist: they are of Mongolian or Turko-Mongolian descent; they are the pre-Indo-European autochthones of the area; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAZĀRA iii. Ethnography and social organization
Alessandro Monsutti
It would be misleading to present a fixed and definitive image of the main Hazāra tribes, as the affiliations are changing over time and the designations reflect the political situation.
-
HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect
Charles M. Kieffer
The number of hazāragi speakers is approximately 1.8 million. The Afghan hazāragi varieties of Persian are essentially very close to modern tājiki, or rather of modern dari Persian, or even kāboli Persian, but their typology still has to be fully defined.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAZĀRASPIDS
C. Edmund Bosworth
a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Lorestān and the adjacent parts of Fārs, and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Il-khanid, Mozaffarid, and Timurid periods.
-
HAZĀRBED
M. Rahim Shayegan
or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.
-
HAZĀRSOTUN
Gavin R. G. Hambly
the palace-complex of Moḥammad b. Toḡloq (1325-1551) at Jahānpanāh (Delhi).
-
HAZELNUT
H. Aʿlam
(fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value.
-
ḤAZIN
Jean During
in Persian music, a small guša (melodic type) of the Persian classical model repertoire radif.
-
ḤAZIN LĀHIJI
John R. Perry
Persian poet and scholar (1692-1766), emblematic of the cultivated Shiʿite mirzā of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran who fled a politically dangerous and economically depressed milieu for the courts of Muslim India.
-
HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN
Fakhreddin Azimi
(1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister. Hažir’s assassination was a result of religio-political sentiments, accentuated by his royalism, identification with the least popular policies and conduct of the court and government, and his image as a close ally of the British.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HAZL
cross-reference
See HUMOR.
-
HEAD GEAR
cross-reference
See CLOTHING.
-
HEALTH IN PERSIA
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. iii. Qajar period. iv. Pahlavi period.
-
HEALTH IN PERSIA i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
Philippe Gignoux
Health and medicine are clearly defined in Pahlavi literature in the philosophical and moral tradition already taught by the fifth-century BCE Greek “father of medicine,” Hippocrates.
-
HEALTH IN PERSIA ii. MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HEALTH IN PERSIA iii. QAJAR PERIOD
Amir Arsalan Afkhami
Under the Qajars a centralized public health policy was introduced for the first time in Persia.
-
HEALTH IN PERSIA iv. PAHLAVI PERIOD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HEAVEN
Cross-Reference
See ĀSMĀN; ESCHATOLOGY.
-
HECATAEUS OF MILETUS
Joseph Wiesehöfer
a Greek author from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor (fl. between 560 and 418 BCE), author of a geographical survey of the regions and the peoples in the Achaemenid empire.
-
HECATOMPYLUS
cross-reference
See ŠAHR-E QUMIS.
-
HEDĀYAT AL-MOTAʿALLEMIN FI’L-ṬEBB
Jalal Matini
the complete title of the oldest extant treatise on medicine written in Persia, which is also commonly referred to simply as Ketāb-e Hedāyat.
-
HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA
Manouchehr Kasheff, Amemeh Yousefzadeh
(1864-1955), MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist.
-
HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK
Manouchehr Kasheff
(1864-1955), statesman, author, and musicologist, whose political career include a role in the Constitutional Revolution, tenures as governor-general of Fārs and of Azerbaijan during World War I and its aftermath, and premiership in the early Pahlavi era.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA ii. AS MUSICIAN
Ameneh Yousefzadeh
Apart from a book about musical theory, the Majmaʿ al-adwār (Tehran, 1938), we owe him one of the earliest complete notations of the repertoire of Persian music (radifs).
-
HEDĀYAT, REŻĀQOLI KHAN
Paul E. Losensky
Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qajar period (1800-1871).
-
HEDAYAT, SADEQ
Multiple Authors
(Hedāyat, Ṣādeq), the eminent fiction writer (1903-1951), who had a vast influence on the next generation of Persian writers.
-
HEDAYAT, SADEQ i. LIFE AND WORK
Homa Katouzian and EIr
Sadeq Hedayat was the youngest child of Hedā-yatqoli Khan Eʿteżād-al-Molk, the notable literary historian, the dean of the Military Academy.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEDAYAT, SADEQ ii. THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUE IN HEDAYAT’S FICTION
Michael Graig Hillmann
Most of the short stories that Sadeq Hedayat wrote between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s are generally culture-specific, full of local color, and depict some aspects of Iranian life.
-
HEDAYAT, SADEQ iii. HEDĀYAT AND FOLKLORE STUDIES
Ulrich Marzolph
Hedayat is acknowledged as a major contributor in twentieth-century Iran to the growing awareness devoted to the collection and study of various aspects of everyday culture, particularly verbal art.
-
HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS
Touraj Daryaee
Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar B. T. Anklesaria.
-
HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India
Nadeem Akhtar
Hedayat’s sojourn in India (1936) helped him add a new aspect to his works and provided him with the opportunity to study Middle Persian with the Parsi scholar Bahramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria. His story “Mihanparast” is apparently a reflection of his experience during the sea trip to India.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEDAYAT, SADEQ vi. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
EIr
This article contains a selected bibliography of the works of Sadeq Hedayat.
-
HEDGEHOG
Steven C. Anderson
(ḵār-pošt, juja-tiḡi, čula), member of the Erinaceinae sub-family of the Erinaceidae family of insectivores; animals the size of a small rabbit. The various species of hedgehogs are found in deciduous woodlands, cultivated fields, and desert regions.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEDIN, SVEN
Håkan Wahlquist
Swedish explorer of, and prolific writer on, Central Asia and Persia (1865-1952).
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤEFẒ AL-ṢEḤḤA
Nasseredin Parvin
the first Iranian medical journal, published as a monthly during 1906.
-
HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH
M. Azadpour
German idealist philosopher (1770-1831). Hegel based his discussion of pre-Islamic Persia on two main sources: 1. ancient Greek sources on Persia, such as Herodotus; 2. A. H. Anquetil-Duperron’s pioneering work, Le Zend-Avesta (1771).
-
ḤEJĀB
cross-reference
See ČĀDOR (2).
-
ḤEJĀZ
Jean During
in Persian music, an important modal type (šāh-guša) of the Persian radif.
-
ḤEJĀZI, MOḤAMMAD MOṬIʿ-AL-DAWLA
M. Ghanoonparvar
novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, translator, government official, and member of the Senate (1901-1974)—one of a small group of Persians with Western-style education in the early twentieth century who displayed a sense of responsibility and mission to change and modernize Persia.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤEJLA
Jean Calmard
a bridal chamber (ḥejla-ye ʿarusi), generally in the shape of a curtained canopy, built by a ḥejla-sāz.
-
ḤEKMAT
Nasseredin Parvin
the first Persian-language newspaper to be published in an Arab country, published in Cairo, 1892-1911.
-
ḤEKMAT BEY
Tahsin Yazici
ʿĀREF, Ottoman šayḵ-al-eslām (supreme authority in religious matters) 1845-54, poet in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.
-
HEKMAT, ʿALI-AṢḠAR
EIr, with an initial contribution by Abbas Milani
man of letters, university professor, cabinet minister, and the chief architect of the modernization of the educational system under Reza Shah (1893-1980). Once Reza Shah decided to unveil Persian women, he placed Hekmat in charge of mapping out a plan of action, which included co-education in the first four years of elementary school.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEKMAT, REŻĀ SARDĀR FĀḴER
Abbas Milani
Hekmat was a staunch critic of the infamous 1919 agreement between Persia and Britain and joined forces with the anti-British Tangestāni movement. Because of these activities, ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Mirzā Farmānfarmā, the powerful governor of Fārs, confiscated Ḥekmat’s properties.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEKMAT, ŠAMSI MORĀDPUR
Houman Sarshar
Hekmat, as the honorary treasurer of the High Council of Women’s Organization of Iran, she represented Iran in various international conferences on the status of women and was instrumental in organizing ten daycare centers and orphanages throughout the country.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HELĀLI ASTARĀBĀDI JAGATĀʾI
Michele Bernardini
Mawlānā Badr-al-Din (Nur-al-Din) accomplished Persian poet of Turkish origin (1470-1529).
-
HELIOCLES I
Osmund Bopearachchi
the last Greek king to reign in Bactria (ca. 145-130 BCE), known only through his monolingual coins. His power, in contrast to that of his Greco-Bactrian predecessors, was limited to the south and southwest territories of Bactria.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HELL
Multiple Authors
This entry will treat the concept of hell in the Iranian culture under two rubrics.
-
HELL i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM
Philippe Gignoux
Hell is not explicitly mentioned in the Gathas. There are only allusions, where it is said that the soul and the daēnā of the wicked will be guests in the “house of falsehood.”
-
HELL ii. Islamic Period
Mahmoud Omidsalar
Duzaḵ and jahannam are the terms commonly used in Persian for hell.
-
HELLANICUS OF LESBOS
J. Wiesehöfer
a polyhistorian, probably younger than Herodotus but older than Thucydides (ca. 480-395 B.C.?), who was much read in the ancient world.
-
HELLENISM
Laurianne Martinez-Sève
Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 324 and the submission of the East under Greek political control provided Hellenism with much greater significance. Greek culture became that of the rulers. Cultural exchange was, however, by no means one-sided.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HELLESPONT
cross-reference
See XERXES.
-
ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR
Sabine Schmidtke
generally referred to, using his title, as “ʿAllāma Ḥelli,” prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325).
-
ḤELLI, NAJM-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM JAʿFAR
Etan Kohlberg
known as Moḥaqqeq or Moḥaqqeq-e awwal, a leading jurist of the Twelver Shiʿite school of Ḥella (b. ca. 1205-06, d. 1277).
-
HELMAND RIVER
Multiple Authors
the border river of Afghanistan and Persia. It originates in the mountains in the Hazārajāt (q.v) and flows into the Sistān in southeastern Persia and finally drains into the Hāmun Lake.
-
HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY
M. Jamil Hanifi and EIr
At approximately 1,300 km, the Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan. Originating from the Koh-e Bābā heights of the Hindu Kush mountain range (about 40 km west of Kabul), the Helmand receives five tributaries—Kajrud (Kudrud), Arḡandāb, Terin, Arḡastān, and Tarnak.
-
HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION
Gherardo Gnoli
According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.
-
HELMAND RIVER iii. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
C. Edmund Bosworth
The early Islamic geographers refer variously to the Helmand River as Hendmand, Hilmand, Hirmid, Hidmand, Hermand, or Hirmand, the usual name in Persian down to the present time.
-
HELMAND RIVER iv. IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Arash Khazeni
The late 19th and 20th centuries saw a number of colonial and national schemes, including boundary commisions and large-scale irrigation projects, that aimed to demarcate the Iran-Afghan borderlands.
-
HELMET
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Pre-Islamic Iran. ii. In the Islamic period.
-
HELMET i. In Pre-Islamic Iran
B. A. Litvinsky
The Iranian tradition of helmet making is very old. Elam produced hemispherical bronze helmets with decorative figures that can be dated to the 14th century BCE. Bronze and iron helmets from the 9th-8th centuries have been found at western Iranian sites (Ḥasanlu, Mārlik, Safidrud).
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HELMET ii. In the Islamic Period
M. V. Gorelik
By the time the Muslims conquered the Iranian world (the territory now occupied by Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Azerbaijan), two helmet types were already known: egg-shaped and conical.
-
ḤELMI, RAFIQ
Joyce Blau
Kurdish historian, poet, and political activist (1898-1960).
-
ḤELYAT AL-MOTTAQIN
Hamid Algar
(“The Adornment of the Godfearing”), a compendious work that has remained highly popular, on recommended customs, norms, and modes of behavior.
-
HEMIN MOKRIĀNI
Joyce Blau
the pen name of Sayyed Moḥammad Amini Šayḵ-al-Eslām Mokri, Kurdish poet and journalist (1921-1986).
-
HEMP
cross-reference
See BANG.
-
HENDAVĀNA
cross-reference
See WATERMELON.
-
HENDUŠĀH B. SANJAR
C. Edmund Bosworth
B. ʿABD-ALLAH SAḤEBI KIRANI, author of a Persian history Tajāreb al-salaf (fl. first half of the 8th/14th century).
-
HENNA
Hušang ʿAlam
(Pers. ḥanā, Ar. ḥennāʾ), a russet or orange dye obtained from the pulverized leaves of the henna plant, Lawsonia alba Lam. (= L. inermis/spinosa L.; fam. Lythraceae).
-
HENNING, WALTER BRUNO
Werner Sundermann
The emphasis on the philological character of Henning’s work is justified not only because all his discoveries were made through deductions from or new interpretations of original sources, but also because his working system kept astonishingly aloof from theorems regarding contemporary linguistics, the philosophy of history, ethnology, and comparative religion.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HEPHTHALITES
A. D. H. Bivar
(Arabic Hayṭāl, pl. Hayāṭela), a people who formed apparently the second wave of “Hunnish” tribal invaders to impinge on the Iranian and Indian worlds from the mid-fourth century CE.
-
HERACLEIDES OF CYME
J. Wiesehöfer
(fl. ca. 350 BCE), Greek author of a “Persian History” (Persika) in five books, which survives only in a few fragments.
-
HERACLEITUS OF EPHESUS
J. Wiesehöfer
(fl. ca. 500 BCE), Greek philosopher traditionally credited as the first to have written on the magi.
-
HERACLES
Albert de Jong
Heracles entered many other religions of the ancient world. He was adopted into the Roman pantheon in an early stage of its development and was identified—both as a “translation” and in the development of cultic practices—with the Phoenician god Melqart and the Babylonian god Nergal, as well as with Zoroastrian Verethraghna.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERACLIUS
cross-reference
See ḴOSROW II
-
HERAT
Multiple Authors
ancient city and province in northwestern Afghanistan. OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Geography. ii. History, Pre-Islamic Period. iii. History, Medieval Period. iv. Topography and urbanism. v. Local histories. vi. The Herat question. vii. The Herat frontier, 19th and 20th centuries.
-
HERAT i. GEOGRAPHY
Arash Khazeni and EIr
The province of Herat constitutes roughly the northern one-third of the western lowlands of Afghanistan, bordering on Persia and comprising the eastern extensions of the province of Khorasan.
-
HERAT ii. HISTORY, PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
W. J. Vogelsang
The present town of Herat dates back to ancient times, but its exact age remains unknown. In Achaemenid times (ca. 550-330 BCE), the surrounding district was known as Haraiva.
-
HERAT iii. HISTORY, MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Maria Szuppe
When the Arab armies appeared in Khorasan in the 650s, Herat was counted among the twelve capital towns of the Sasanian empire.
-
HERAT iv. TOPOGRAPHY AND URBANISM
Maria Szuppe
In the medieval period, Herat, together with Nišāpur, Marv, and Balḵ, was one of the four main urban centers of the eastern Iranian world. In contrast to some other ancient towns, Herat has existed on the same location since its foundation.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERAT v. LOCAL HISTORIES
Jürgen Paul
Local histories of Herāt belong to three distinct literary genres: the biographical dictionary, the dynastic history, and the guide for pilgrims.
-
HERAT vi. THE HERAT QUESTION
Abbas Amanat
From the middle of the 18th century, following Nāder Shah’s assassination in 1747, Herat became the focus of a century-long power struggle and regional rivalry.
-
HERAT vii. THE HERAT FRONTIER IN THE LATTER HALF OF 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Arash Khazeni
In the latter half of the 19th century, following the settlement of the Khorasan frontier with Persia in 1857, the rulers of Kabul, with British support, sought to make Herat a part of the Afghan state.
-
HERAUS
D. W. Mac Dowall
Central Asian clan chief of the Kushans, one of the five constituent tribes of the Yuezhi confederacy in the early first century CE. He struck tetradrachms and obols in relatively good silver.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERBARIUMS
cross-reference
-
HĒRBED
Philip G. Kreyenbroek
a Zoroastrian priestly title, at present used for a “priest in minor orders,” that is, a man of priestly family who has undergone the initiatory Nāwar ceremony and is qualified to officiate at lower rituals.
-
HĒRBEDESTĀN
Firoze M. Kotwal
(school for priests, religious school), a Middle Persian term designating (1) Zoroastrian priestly studies and (2) an Avestan/Pahlavi text found together with the Nērangestān manuscripts.
-
HERBELOT de MOLAINVILLE, BARTHÉLEMY D’
Moti Gharib Shojania
(1625-95), one of the first orientalists to produce a systematic survey and alphabetized account of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature with dictionaries for each language.
-
HERBERT, THOMAS
R. W. Ferrier
(1606-1682), Sir, author of the first English account of Persia, having accompanied the royal embassy from King Charles I to the Safavid Shah ʿAbbās I in 1626-29.
-
HERBERT, THOMAS (2)
John Butler
Herbert traveled to Persia and India as a very junior member of an embassy under Sir Dodmore Cotton sent by King Charles I to Shah Abbas I in 1627 to establish formal trade and diplomatic relations with Persia.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERDS and FLOCKS
J.-P. Digard and M.-H. Papoli Yazdi
In the Iranian world, domestic herbivores have long been raised exclusively on natural grazing, as it is still true in many places, especially among the nomadic tribes.
-
HERMAEUS
cross-reference
See INDO-GREEK DYNASTY.
-
HERMAS, THE SHEPHERD OF
Werner Sundermann
title of an early Christian paraenetic apocalypse composed in Greek by a certain Hermas, who presents himself as an emancipated slave and then a Roman businessman.
-
HERMELIN, AXEL ERIC
Bo Utas
(1860-1944), Swedish author and prolific translator of Persian works of literature.
-
HERMENEUTICS
B. Todd Lawson
of pre-modern Islamic and Shiʿite exegesis, the principles and methods, or philosophy, of scriptural interpretation, as distinct from the act of interpretation.
-
HERMES
Albert de Jong
Hermes was identified with the Roman god Mercury, god of commerce and trade, and came to be symbolized with the moneybag. In Egypt, he was identified with the god Thoth; he was the source of a large number of writings outlining the ways in which the soul could be released from the bonds of matter.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERMIAS
cross-reference
See ḴOSROW I, forthcoming online.
-
HERMIPPUS OF SMYRNA
J. Wiesehöfer
third-century BCE Greek grammarian who wrote on “Zoroaster’s writings.”
-
HERMITAGE MUSEUM
B. I. Marshak and A. B. Nikitin, Anatol Ivanov
The State Hermitage Museum of St. Petersburg, Russia, possesses some of the richest collections of Persian art.
-
HERMITAGE MUSEUM i. COLLECTION OF THE PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
B. I. Marshak and A. B. Nikitin
Among the most ancient objects of Iranian art in the Hermitage collection are 55 Elamite painted vessels of the late 4th-3rd millennium BCE.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERMITAGE MUSEUM ii. COLLECTION OF THE ISLAMIC PERIOD
Anatol Ivanov
Persian art from the advent of Islam until the beginning of the 20th century is well represented in the State Hermitage Museum. However, not all periods in this 1400-year time-span are represented equally well, because of the way the collection developed.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERODIAN
Philip Huyse
(fl. shortly before 250 CE), historian, probably a native of Syria, who wrote a Greek history of the Roman emperors from the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 CE to the accession of Gordian III in 238.
-
HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
author of the Histories, the first monumental Greek work in prose which is still extant (5th cent. BCE).
-
HERODOTUS i. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORIES
Robert Rollinger
Philologists of Hellenistic times divided Herodotus’s opus magnum into nine books and subdivided these into chapters.
-
HERODOTUS ii. THE HISTORIES AS A SOURCE FOR PERSIA AND PERSIANS
Robert Rollinger
An evaluation of Herodotus’s treatment of Persia and the Persians is a difficult task. The subject is not limited to a specific logos but is ubiquitous in the Histories.
-
HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS
Robert Rollinger
In the Histories the Persians are sometimes not exactly distinguishable from other peoples of their empire, especially when the Greeks’ opponents are simply qualified as “Persians.” The Persians generally are run together with the Medes.
-
HERODOTUS iv. CYRUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
The historical past takes on clearer outline beginning with the figure of Cyrus the Great. With him the Persians too are introduced into world history.
-
HERODOTUS v. CAMBYSES ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
Cambyses, the son of Cyrus, is first described by Herodotus at a time when his father’s reign was already about to end.
-
HERODOTUS vi. DARIUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
Herodotus connects the beginning of Darius’s reign with a deep break in the history of Persian royalty. He describes the rule of the Magus and palace administrator Patizeithes as an attempt at usurpation.
-
HERODOTUS vii. XERXES ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
The young king inherited a solid empire, which was greater than any before in history. The subsequent great war of the years 480 and 479 Herodotus describes as an immense struggle, to which he devotes a third of his work.
-
HERODOTUS viii. MARDONIUS ACCORDING TO HERODOTUS
Robert Rollinger
After Xerxes’ retreat, Mardonius prepared his offensive on land. He also wanted the higher powers to be on his side.
-
HERODOTUS ix. TIGRANES AND THE BATTLE OF MYCALE
Robert Rollinger
After Salamis, the escaped Persian fleet for a while ceased playing any further part. During the winter it was anchored in part at Cyme, and in part before Samos.
-
HERODOTUS x. ARTAYCTES AND THE FINALE
Robert Rollinger
After the battle of Mycale, the Greeks advanced as far as the Hellespont, where they found that Xerxes’ bridge was already destroyed.
-
HERODOTUS xi. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Robert Rollinger
This article constitutes a selected biography of Herodotus.
-
HERON
Cross-Reference
See BŪTĪMĀR.
-
HERON-ALLEN, EDWARD
Joan Navarre
Although Heron-Allen did not have a full formal education, his intellectual curiosity and passion for learning never waned, as illustrated by the long list of hobbies and interests in his entry in Who’s Who.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERTEL, JOHANNES
Almut Hintze
Hertel’s lasting contributions to scholarship are his earlier works on Sanskrit narrative literature and its transmission. They culminated in the publication of a four-volume edition of the Pañcatantra in the Harvard Oriental Series, vols. 11-14 (1908-15). After his appointment to the Indology chair in Leipzig, he turned to Vedic studies and, from 1924, to Avestan.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERZEGOVINA
cross-reference
-
HERZFELD, ERNST
Multiple Authors
Herzfeld is known as an archeologist, philologist, and polyhistor, one of the towering figures in ancient Near Eastern and Iranian studies during the first half of the 20th century. To him we owe many decisive contributions to Islamic, Sasanian, and Prehistoric archeology and history of Iran, Iraq, and Syria. He was the first professor for Near Eastern archeology in the world.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERZFELD, ERNST i. LIFE AND WORK
Stefan R. Hauser
(1879-1948). In retrospect, Herzfeld was one of the last examples of the all-encompassing, erudite learning of the 19th century humanistic cultural tradition. Herzfeld combined a wide array of talents and interests.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HERZFELD, ERNST ii. HERZFELD AND PASARGADAE
David Stronach
Ernst Herzfeld probably devoted more attention to the study of Achaemenid Iran than to any other single topic. His name will always be associated with Pasargadae, the dynastic seat of Cyrus II (the Great), the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.
-
HERZFELD, ERNST iii. HERZFELD AND PERSEPOLIS
Hubertus von Gall
Herzfeld first visited Persepolis in November 1905 during his return from the Assur excavation. He returned to Persepolis during his expedition to Persia, Iraq, and Afghanistan, which lasted from February 1923 to October 1925.
-
HERZFELD, ERNST iv. HERZFELD AND THE PAIKULI INSCRIPTION
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
The monument at Paikuli (Pāikūlī) lies on the Iraqi side of the border with Iran on a north-south line drawn from Solaimānīya in Iraq to Qaṣr-e Šīrīn in Persia on the ancient road from Ctesiphon to Azerbaijan.
-
HERZFELD, ERNST v. HERZFELD AND THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT IRAN
Josef Wiesehöfer
Herzfeld’s classical education, giving him familiarity with Greek and Latin literature, and his training in Oriental philology as well as in archeology and architectural techniques proved of great benefit in his study of pre-Islamic Iranian history and culture.
-
ḤESĀBI, MAḤMUD
Hessamaddin Arfaei and Fariborz Majidi
Mahmud Hesabi worked as an electrical engineer in the Paris railway system. In the meantime, he continued his studies in physics at Paris University, Sorbonne under the noted physicist Aimé Cotton and obtained his doctorate in 1927. His dissertation was on Sensibilité des cellules photoélectriques.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤESĀR (1)
Yuri Bregel
region in the eastern part of Transoxania, in the upper course of the Sorḵān Daryā (medieval Čaḡānrud) and the Kāfernehān.
-
ḤEṢĀR (2)
Jean During
in Persian music, an important section (šāh-guša) in the Persian and Azeri radifs, its name probably originating from the town in Tajikistan.
-
ḤEṢĀR, TEPE
Cross-Reference
(Tappa Ḥeṣār), prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia. See TEPE HISSAR.
-
ḤESBA
cross-reference
See MOḤTASEB.
-
HESIOD
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Hēsíodos), Greek epic poet (fl. ca. 700 BCE). By mentioning for the first time the Scythians, Hesiod belongs to the Greek authorities for Iranian matters.
-
HESYCHIUS
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Hēsýchios), Greek lexicographer from Alexandria, whose lexicon records a number of Iranian words (6th or possibly 5th century CE).
-
HIDALI
Matthew W. Stolper
city and region in Elam; a residence of Elamite kings in the early 7th century B.C.E., a regional administrative center thereafter.
-
HIDDEN IMAM
Cross-Reference
See ISLAM IN IRAN vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism; ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism.
-
HILL, GEORGE FRANCIS
Carmen Arnold-Biucchi
Hill was born at Berhampore, Bengal, the youngest of five children to the missionary Rev. Samuel John Hill and Leonora Josephine, born Müller, of Danish descent. He came to England at the age of four, attended the School for Sons of Missionaries at Blackheath, and went to University College School and University College, London.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HINDU
J. T. P. de Bruijn
(Hendu) denotes in Persian an inhabitant of the Indian subcontinent as well as a follower of Hinduism. The stereotype of the Hindu developed into an element of lyrical imagery which had little to do with reality.
-
HINDU KUSH
Ervin Grötzbach
the name given to the southwest range of the massive middle and south Asiatic mountain complex lying partly in Afghanistan and partly in Pakistan.
-
HINDU PERSIAN POETS
Stefano Pello
From the late 16th century Hindus contributed to the development of Indo-Persian literary culture in general, and to the output of Persian verse in particular.
-
HINZ, (A.) WALTHER
Rüdiger Schmitt
Hinz served as a counter-intelligence officer during World War II and suffered a period of internment afterwards. Due to his suspension from his teaching post by the British military government, he was forced to earn his living by another profession, partly as a translator, and, from 1950, as the political editor of a newspaper in Göttingen.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HIPPOCRATES
Lutz Richter-Bernburg
or Boqrāṭ in Islamic tradition, where he is often referred to as “the first codifier of medicine” (4th-3rd cents. BCE).
-
ḤIRA
C. Edmund Bosworth
city on the desert fringes of southwestern Mesopotamia; known in pre-Islamic times as the capital of the Lakhmid Arab dynasty, clients of the Sasanians, it survived as an urban settlement into the early centuries of the Islamic period.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HISSAR, TEPE
Cross-Reference
(Tappa Ḥeṣār), prehistoric site located just south of Dāmḡān in northeastern Persia. See TEPE HISSAR.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY
Multiple Authors
This entry is concerned with the historiography of the Iranian and Persephone world from the pre-Islamic period through the 20th century in Persian and other Iranian languages. The periods and their subdivisions of this historiography are covered in 14 articles.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY i. INTRODUCTION
Elton Daniel
Historiography, literally, is the study not of history but of the writing of history. In modern usage, this term covers a wide range of related but distinct areas of inquiry.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
A. SH. Shahbazi
Iranian historiography remained unaffected by the Herodotean school and developed from oral traditions and the Mesopotamian-style “quasi-history,” which embellished historical narratives.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY iii. EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD
Elton L. Daniel
It might be questioned whether there is, strictly speaking, any “historiography of Persia in the early Islamic period” at all, since it is by no means clear that there was an Islamic “Persia” prior to the rise of the Safavids.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY iv. MONGOL PERIOD
Charles Melville
Persian historiography reached its maturity during the period of 13th-15th centuries, which might broadly be described as the Turko-Mongol era.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY v. TIMURID PERIOD
Maria Szuppe
Timurid historiography is firmly rooted within the Persian literary tradition of official court histories of the post-Mongol period.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY vi. SAFAVID PERIOD
Sholeh Quinn
Safavid historiography, although developing unique features of its own, had its origins in the eastern Timurid tradition that was centered in Herāt.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY vii. AFSHARID AND ZAND PERIODS
Ernest Tucker
Persian historical writing in the 18th century reflected the profound changes that occurred in Iran after the1722 Afghan conquest of Isfahan.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY viii. QAJAR PERIOD
Abbas Amanat
In the century and a half that constituted the Qajar period (1786-1925), writing of history evolved from production of annalistic court chronicles and other traditional genres into the earliest experimentations in modern historiography.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD
Abbas Amanat, EIr
Historiography of this period will be treated in two separate entries: (1) General survey of historical writings; and (2) Specific topics concerning historical works.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (1)
Abbas Amanat
The historical studies of this period are primarily about documenting Iran’s national identity.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY ix. PAHLAVI PERIOD (2)
EIr
a survey of contributions in the fields of chronology, calendar systems, religious history, and cultural continuity from pre-Islamic to the Islamic period, and a survey of the ultra-nationalistic current in historical writings in the Pahlavi period.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY x. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC.
Cross-Reference
See Supplement
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY xi. AFGHANISTAN
Christine Noelle-Karimi
The historiography of the day not only bears witness to the perceptions current at the time but also was subject to reinterpretation as new historical predilections arose. The available historical accounts may thus be read on several levels.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY xii. CENTRAL ASIA
Yuri Bregel
The first Persian historical work produced in Central Asia (Transoxiana, Ḵʷārazm, Farḡāna, and Eastern Turkestan) was the 10th-century translation of the history of Ṭabari.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY xiii. THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
cross-reference
See INDIA xvi.
-
HISTORIOGRAPHY xiv. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Sara Nur Yildiz
Ottoman historical works composed in Persian occupy an important place in the corpus of court-oriented Ottoman historical writing of the early and classical periods.
-
HNČʿAK
Aram Arkun
colloquial term for members of the Social Democratic Hnčʿakean Party [SDHP], founded in Switzerland by Russian Armenians in 1887, with branches in Persia, the Russian empire, the Ottoman empire, and elsewhere.
-
ḤOBAYŠ B. EBRĀHIM B. MOḤAMMAD TEFLISI
Tahsin Yazici
author of numerous scientific works who lived in Anatolia (d. ca. 1203-04).
-
ḤOḎEQ, JUNAYDOLLO MAḴDUM
Keith Hitchins
(ḤĀḎEQ, JONAYD-ALLĀH; b. mid-1780s; killed 1843), one of the leading Tajik poets of his time.
-
HODGSON, MARSHALL GOODWIN SIMMS
Saïd Amir Arjomand
(1922-1968), prominent scholar of Islamic civilization and professor of history and social thought at the University of Chicago.
-
HODIVALA, SHAHPURSHAH HORMASJI DINSHAHJI
Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa
(d. 1944), professor of literature, history, and political economy, best known for his works on Parsi history and on numismatics.
-
HODIVALA, SHAPURJI KAVASJI
Kaikhusroo M. JamaspAsa
(1870-1931), scholar of Avestan and Zoroastrian studies.
-
ḤODUD AL-ʿĀLAM
C. Edmund Bosworth
a concise but very important Persian geography of the then known world, Islamic and non-Islamic, begun in 982-83 by an unknown author from the province of Guzgān (in northern Afghanistan).
-
HOERNLE, AUGUSTUS FREDERIC RUDOLF
Ursula Sims-Williams
philologist of Indian languages and decipherer of Khotanese (1841-1918).
-
HOFFMANN, KARL
Johanna Narten
Hoffmann was mainly interested in Indo-Iranian studies, which he did not conceive of as a mere combination of Indology and Iranian studies, but as a distinct subject comprising historical philology and comparative linguistics. His studies are essentially devoted to Vedic (in India) and to Avestan and Old Persian.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOJIR
A. Shapur Shahbazi
in traditional Iranian history, a hero who guarded the Dež-e Sapid “White Fort” on the border of Iran and Turān.
-
ḤOJJAT
Maria Dakake
(“proof or argument”), a term used as: (1) a line of argument in debate; (2) designation of the Shiʿite Imams; (3) an epithet of the Twelfth Imam; (4) a high official in the Ismaʿili missionary activities
-
ḤOJJAT-AL-ESLĀM
Hamid Algar
(lit. Proof of Islam), a title awarded to Shiʿite scholars, originally as an honorific but later as a means of indicating their status in the hierarchy of the learned.
-
ḤOJJATIYA
Mahmoud Sadri
a Shiʿite religious lay association founded in 1953 by the charismatic cleric Shaikh Maḥmud Ḥalabi to defend Islam against the Bahai missionary activities.
-
HOJVIRI, ABU’L-ḤASAN ʿALI
Gerhard Böwering
B. ʿOṮMĀN B. ʿALI AL-ḠAZNAVI AL-JOLLĀBI (d. ca. 1071-72), author of the Kašf al-maḥjub, the most celebrated early Persian Sufi treatise.
-
HOLDICH, THOMAS HUNGERFORD
Denis Wright
As head of the Baluchistan Survey Party from 1883, Holdich organized surveys of south Baluchistan and Makran. In 1884 he headed the Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission’s survey party; in 1896 he was chief British Commissioner on the Perso-Baluch Boundary Commission.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤOLWI, JAMĀL-AL-DIN MAḤMUD
Tahsin Yazi
biographer of the leaders of the Ḵalwati Sufi order and minor poet (1574-1654).
-
HŌM
cross-reference
See HAOMA.
-
HŌM YAŠT
W. W. Malandra
name given to a section of the Avestan Yasna, namely, Y. 9-11.11. It is central to the ritual and is recited prior to the priestly consumption of the parahaoma (Pahl. parāhōm).
-
HOMĀM-AL-DIN
William L. Hanaway and Leonard Lewisohn
13th-century Persian poet, best known for his ḡazals, which follow those of Saʿdi in style and tone.
-
HŌMĀN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
son of Vēsa, in Iranian traditional history one of the most celebrated heroes of Turān.
-
HOMĀY ČEHRZĀD
Jalil Doostkhah
according to Iranian traditional history, a Kayānid queen; she was daughter, wife, and successor to the throne of Bahman, son of Esfandiār.
-
HOMĀY O HOMĀYUN
cross-reference
See ḴᵛĀJU KERMĀNI.
-
HOMĀYUN
Jean During
(lit. “auspicious”), an important modal system (dastgāh) in traditional Persian music.
-
HOMĀYUN PĀDEŠĀH
Wheeler M. Thackston
(1508–56), NĀṢER-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD, second Mughal emperor in Kabul and northern India, and the succesor to Bābor.
-
HOMMAIRE de HELL, IGNACE XAVIER MORAND
Jacqueline Calmard-Compas
French engineer, geographer, traveler (1812-1848). He carried out pioneering scientific research in the Ottoman empire, southern Russia, and Persia
-
HOMOSEXUALITY
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Zoroastrianism. ii. In Islamic law. iii. In Persian literature. iv. In modern Persia. See Supplement.
-
HOMOSEXUALITY i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM
Prods Oktor Skjærvø
Zoroastrian literature contains discussions of personal relations only in legal contexts and is quite explicit with regard to sins of a sexual nature.
-
HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW
E. K. Rowson
The foundational texts of Islam address, and generally condemn, sexual relations between members of the same sex.
-
HOMOSEXUALITY iii. IN PERSIAN LITERATURE
EIr
a sharp contrast exists between the treatment of homosexuality in Islamic law and its reflection in Persian literature, particularly poetry (the chief vehicle of Persian literary expression).
-
HOMOSEXUALITY iv. IN MODERN IRAN
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HONAR O MARDOM
Nassereddin Parvin
a monthly magazine published by the General Office of Fine Arts in the Ministry of Education, 1957, 1962-79.
-
HONARESTĀN-E ʿĀLI-E MUSIQI-E MELLI
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HONARMANDI, HASAN
Kāmyār ʿĀbedi
poet, translator, and literary scholar.
-
HONEY
Hushang Aʿlam
(ʿasal, archaic Pers. angobin). In Iranian lore, according to the Nowruz-nāma, Hušang, the second Pišdādiān king, first “brought out honey from the zanbur (“wasp”).
-
ḤOQAYNI
Wilferd Madelung
the nesba of two 11th-century Zaydi Imams, father and son, scholars of religious law.
-
ḤOQUQ
Nassereddin Parvin
the name of various 20th-century periodicals in Iran and Afghanistan.
-
ḤOQUQ-E EMRUZ
Nassereddin Parvin
a journal published irregularly in Tehran, 1963-76.
-
HORDĀD
Antonio Panaino
“Integrity (of body), Wholeness”, one of the Avestan entities (AMƎŠA SPƎNTA), normally mentioned in association with Amərətāt (AMURDĀD) already in the Gāθās.
-
HORMIZD
cross-reference
See HORMOZD i.
-
HORMOZĀN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
one of the last military leaders of Sasanian Persia, a member of one of the seven great families of Sasanian Persia (d. 644).
-
HORMOZD (1)
cross-reference
See AHURA MAZDĀ.
-
HORMOZD (2)
A. Shapur Shahbazi
(Ormisdas), a brother of the Sasanian great king Šāpur II (r. 307-79 CE), who participated on the Roman side in the emperor Julian’s Persian expedition of 363 CE.
-
HORMOZD I
M. RAHIM SHAYEGAN
Sasanian great king (r. 272-73 CE), the throne name of Šāpur I’s son and and successor, Hormozd-Ardašēr.
-
HORMOZD II
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian great king (r. 303-09 CE). He assumed a crown very similar to that of Bahrām II, representing the varəγna, the royal falcon.
-
HORMOZD III
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian great king (r. 457-59 C.E.). He was the eldest son and heir of Yazdegerd II and “was king of Sejestān" (Ṭabari).
-
HORMOZD IV
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian great king (r. 579-90 CE). He succeeded Ḵosrow I Anōširavān just as the latter was negotiating a peace treaty with the Byzantine empire.
-
HORMOZD V
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian great king (r. 630-32 CE) in the turbulent years following the murder of Ḵosrow II Parvēz (628).
-
HORMOZD KUŠĀNŠĀH
A. Shapur Shahbazi
Sasanian prince governor of Kušān. He is known from his coins minted in eastern Iran and references in three Latin sources. His coins are gold scyphate (cup-shaped) and light bronze issues; rare heavy copper and silver coins also occur.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HORMOZDGĀN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
BATTLE OF, the engagement which brought Ardašir I and the Sasanian dynasty to power, 28 April 224 CE.
-
HORMOZGĀN PROVINCE
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
-
HORMOZI, SAʿID
Jean During
Said Hormozi did not perform in public, worked as a bank employee, and frequented musical circles such as that of Solaymān Amir Qāsemi, who preserved the purity of Persian music. He was a Sufi affiliated to the Ṣafi-ʿAlišāh brotherhood and entered a state of profound meditation when he played the setār, which made his music particularly captivating.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HORMUZ i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
D. T. Potts
island and a strategic strait (Tanga-ye Hormoz) in the Persian Gulf, linking it to the Gulf of Oman, as well as the name of a medieval port near the strait.
-
HORMUZ ii. ISLAMIC PERIOD
Willem Floor
Hormuz fell to the Arabs in 650-51. In the 10th century, the town of Hormuz was the chief port for Kermān and Sistān, although the main Persian Gulf port was Jannāba. It was known for its cultivation of a variety of millet (ḏorra), indigo, cumin, and sugarcane.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HORN, PAUL
Erich Kettenhofen
German philologist and specialist in Iranian and Turkish languages (1863-1908).
-
HOROSCOPE
David Pingree
the horoscopic diagram or theme which depicts the positions of the planets in the zodiacal signs and of the zodiacal signs relative to the local horizon at a given time.
-
ḤORR-E ʿĀMELI
Meir M. Bar Asher
(1624-1693), one of the outstanding Twelver Shiʿite Hadith scholars of the Aḵbāri school and a prolific author.
-
ḤORR-E RIĀḤI
Jean Calmard
a leading tribesman in Kufa, who intercepted Ḥosayn b. ʿAli and his party and led them to Karbalā, but later repented and fought and died (10 October 680) there on Ḥosayn’s side.
-
HORSE
cross-reference
See ASB.
-
HORSE RACING
Azartash Azarnoush
The history of horse racing in Iran can be traced back to the Achaemenid period. Xenophon refers to a race set up by Cyrus II.
-
HORSESHOES
Wolfram Kleiss
(naʿl), iron protectors for the hooves of pack animals and mounts. In Persia, as in southern Europe, both horses and donkeys are shod.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HORUFISM
Hamid Algar
a body of antinomian and incarnationist doctrines evolved by Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (d. 1394), known to his followers also as Fażl-e Yazdān (“the generosity of God”). Its principal features were elaborate numerological interpretations of the letters of the Perso-Arabic alphabet and an attempt to correlate them with the human form.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ʿALI BEDLISI
Tahsin Yazici
NURBAḴŠI, Kurdish Sufi author of a commentary on the Koran, among other works (d. 1494-95).
-
ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ČALABI
Mohammad Estelami
(d. 1284), ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD b. Ḥasan, Ebn Aḵi Tork, leading disciple and first successor of Jalāl-al-Din Rumi.
-
HŌŠANG
A. Shapur Shahbazi
called Pēšdād, an early hero-king in Iranian tradition, father of the Iranians and founder of the Pēšdādian dynasty.
-
HŌŠANG JĀMĀSP
Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal
a distinguished Parsi scholar-priest (1833-1908).
-
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĀʾ-AL-DAWLA
cross-reference
See JALĀYERIDS.
-
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI
Multiple Authors
Hosayn b. Ali is the second surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema and the third Imam of the Shiʿites after his father and his elder brother Ḥasan.
-
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM
Wilferd Madelung
In contrast to the pacifist and conciliatory character of his elder brother, Ḥosayn inherited his father’s fighting spirit and intense family pride, although he did not acquire his military prowess and experience.
-
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI ii. IN POPULAR SHIʿISM
Jean Calmard
Legendary accounts about Ḥosayn and his martyrdom were from the outset influenced by his status as a Shiʿite Imam.
-
ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI iii. THE PASSION OF ḤOSAYN
Peter Chelkowski
The taʿzia (literally “mourning”) is a dramatic form which Shiʿite Muslims in Persia have created to commemorate the tragedy of Ḥosayn ebn ʿAli, and thus it is comparable to the Christian passion play. See also TA'ZIA.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤOSAYN B. OVAYS
cross-reference
See JALAYERIDS.
-
ḤOSAYN B. RUḤ
Said Amir Arjomand
(d. 938), SHAIKH ABU’L-QĀSEM ḤOSAYN B. RUḤ B. ABI BAḤR NOWBAḴTI, third of the four “special vicegerents” (nowwab-e ḵāṣṣa) of the Hidden Imam.
-
ḤOSAYN BĀYQARĀ
Hans R. Roemer
the common designation for Sultan Abu’l-Ḡāzi Ḥosayn Mirzā b. Manṣur b. Bāyqarā, the last Timurid ruler of major importance in Khorasan (r. 1469-70 and 1470-1506).
-
ḤOSAYN KARBALĀʾI
Leonard Lewisohn
TABRIZI BĀBĀ-FARAJI, popularly known as Ebn Karbalāʾi, a major Persian historian of Sufis and Sufism of 16th-century Persia and a poet (d. 1589).
-
ḤOSAYN KHAN ĀJUDĀN-BĀŠI
Ḥ. Maḥbubi Ardakāni
probably the most important officer to hold the military rank of adjudant-en-chef (see ĀJŪDĀN-BĀŠI) during the Qajar period (d. ca.1866-67).
-
ḤOSAYN KHAN KAMĀNČAKAŠ
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
a famous musician and a master of the kamānča, the chief traditional Persian string instrument played with a bow (d. 1934).
-
ḤOSAYN KHAN MOQADDAM MARĀḠAʾI
cross-reference
See ĀJUDĀN-BĀŠI; NEẒĀM-AL-DAWLA.
-
ḤOSAYN KHAN ŠĀMLU
Roger M. Savory
(d. 1535), b. ʿAbdi Beg Šāmlu, nephew of Shah Esmāʿil I, Safavid governor of Herat.
-
ḤOSAYN SHAH ARḠUN
cross-reference
See ARGHUNID DYNASTY OF SIND in Supplement.
-
ḤOSAYN-E KORD-E ŠABESTARI
Ulrich Marzolph
Persian popular romance narrating the exploits of a Kurdish warrior from Šabestar known solely by the name of Ḥosayn.
-
ḤOSAYNI
Bruno Nettl
a guša (significant melodic unit) of the canonic repertory of Persian classical music (radif).
-
ḤOSAYNI BALḴI
ʿAbd-al-ḥayy Ḥabibi
13th-century translator into Persian of Wāʿeẓ-e Balḵi’s no longer extant Arabic work, the Fażāʾel-e Balḵ.
-
ḤOSAYNI DAŠTAKI ŠIRĀZI
cross-reference
-
ḤOSAYNIYA
Jean Calmard
buildings specifically designed to serve as venues for Moḥarram ceremonies commemorating the martyrdom of Ḥosayn b. ʿAli.
-
ḤOSAYNIYA-YE MOŠIR
Jean Calmard
a ḥosayniya building in the Sang-e Siāh quarter of Shiraz, famous for its exquisite tile paintings.
-
ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN MĀFI
Cross-Reference
-
ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI
George A. Bournoutian
important governor in the early Qajar period (b. ca. 1742, d. 1831).
-
ḤOSAYNQOLI, ĀQĀ
Ameneh Youssefzadeh
noted tār player and teacher (1853-1916). His performances were considered both technically brilliant and artistically exquisite. The regularity and force of the down and up strokes (rāst and čap) of his plectrum were much admired. He used a five-string tār and disapproved of the addition of the sixth string.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḤOSN O DEL
Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā
an allegorical work by Fattāḥi Nišāburi (1404-46), one of the best examples of rhyming prose in the Timurid period.
-
ḤOSN-E TAʿLIL
Natalia Chalisova
(lit. “beauty of rationale”), “fantastic etiology,” a rhetorical device among the figures of ʿelm-e badiʿ (the science of rhetorical embellishment).
-
HOSSEIN, ANDRÉ
Iraj Khademi
As a composer, Hossein was much inspired by traditional Persian music, and most of his works demonstrate this intellectual preoccupation. He knew the tār very well and could be considered one of the great tār players of his time. He began playing this instrument as a child, and later composed several works for it.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOSSEINI, MANSOUREH
Hengameh Fouladvand
(1926-2012), pioneer modernist painter, writer, and gallerist, among the first Iranian artists who incorporated calligraphy in their modern works.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOSTAGE CRISIS
Mohsen M. Milani and EIr
the events following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by leftist Islamist students in 1979 with subsequent wide-ranging repercussions on Iran’s domestic politics as well as on U.S.-Iran relations.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOTZ, ALBERT PAUL HERMAN
Cyrus Ala’i
a Dutch trader, collector of artifacts, and author on Iran (1855-1930).
-
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
cross-reference
or parliament of Iran, the Majles. See CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION.
Unpublished as per M.A. email - 5/28/2014
-
HOUSING IN IRAN
Habibollah Zanjani
This entry examines: (1) the growth of housing units during 1966-96; (2) housing policies adopted in various development plans and the results; (3) main characteristics of housing in Iran; and (4) investment in, and economics of, housing.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, ALBERT
John D. Gurney
(1846-1916), Sir, engineer and employee of the Persian government for over thirty years in the later 19th and early 20th centuries; he was both loyal and knowledgeable.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HOVEYDA, AMIR-ABBAS
Abbas Milani
(Amir ʿAbbās Hoveydā; 1919-1979), the longest serving prime minister in the modern history of Iran (1964-1977). His tenure can be divided into two phases. In the 1960s, he was full of optimism and energy; in the 1970s he was characterized by cynicism, a clinging attachment to power and its perks, and an almost despondent air of resignation. What remained the same were his economic policies.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUART, CLÉMENT
Jean Calmard
French orientalist (1854-1926), especially known as editor and translator of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish sources and prolific author of works covering many aspects of Oriental studies.
-
HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH
Erich Kettenhofen and Rüdiger Schmitt
Hübschmann felt himself to be an orientalist. Originally an Iranian scholar, through his fundamental studies he became also the founder of modern Armenian linguistics; for it was he who created a solid basis for future historical-comparative research in this field.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
ḪUDIMIRI
Inna Medvedskaya
a peripheral district and city in Elam, mentioned only in the 7th century BCE, in the Assyrian sources during the reign of Ashurbanapal.
-
HŪGAR
cross-reference
See ALBORZ.
-
HŪITI
cross-reference
See AVESTAN PEOPLE.
-
HUḴT
Nassereddin Parvin
monthly periodical published in Persian by Iranian Zoroastrians, 1950-84.
-
HULĀGU KHAN
Reuven Amitai
fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 1215, d. 1265).
-
HUMAN MIGRATION
Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani
This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA
Mary Boyce
three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives, they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act.”
-
HUMBAN
cross-reference
See ELAM vi.
-
HUMOR
J. T. P. de Bruijn
The making of jokes. In the present article the focus will be on description and classification of the types of humor that can be found in Persian literary sources, mainly belonging to the classical period.
-
HUMORALISM
Amir Arsalan Afkhami
(ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors. which are identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot or cold and dry or moist.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUMORS
cross-reference
See HUMORALISM.
-
HUNGARY ii. Iranian and Persian Studies in Hungary
Keith Hitchins
The Polish diplomats and the literary professionals were among the first to study and translate Persian literary works in the 18th century Europe.
-
HUNNIC COINAGE
Michael Alram
coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India. It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUNS
Martin Schottky
collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.
-
HUNTING IN IRAN
A. Shapur Shahbazi
i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In the Islamic period. See Supplement. Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages.
-
HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH
Ursula Sims-Williams
American geographer (1876-1947). In Central Asia ihe collected extensive data and acquired several manuscripts and wooden documents in Kharoṣṭhī, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Khotanese.
-
HUR
Nassereddin Parvin
name of a newspaper (1943-45) and a bilingual (Persian and Armenian) monthly journal (1971-74).
-
HÜSING, GEORG
Rüdiger Schmitt
versatile German scholar, whose fields included Old Iranian and Elamite studies (1869-1930).
-
HUŠT
Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal
Zoroastrian-Persian term for the area (in known practice a town-quarter, a village, or a group of villages) assigned to a priest.
-
HUŠYĀR ŠIRĀZI
DARYOUSH ASHOURI
Upon his return to Persia with his German wife, Sirazi was employed as professor in the newly established University of Tehran. As a devoted and enthusiastic educator and author, his life, until his early death, was spent on energetically teaching his students and on introducing certain texts of German literature to Persian readers.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUTAOSA
cross-reference
See ATOSSA.
-
HUTH, GEORG
Michael Knüppel
(1867-1906) German Indologist, Tibetologist, Tugusologist, Mongolist, and the founder of Tibetology as a field of research at German universities.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUTUXŠ
cross-reference
and HUTUXŠBED, artisans as a class and the chief of artisans in Sasanian society. See CLASS SYSTEM ii.
-
HUVIŠKA
A. D. H. Bivar
ruler of the Great Kushan lineage, successor of Kaniška I the Great, known chiefly from inscriptions and from a prolific coinage. He reigned from at least the year 28 to 60 of the Kaniška Era, equivalent to 154-86 CE.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HUZWĀREŠ
D. Durkin-Meisterernst
a term describing the use of Semitic word masks in Middle Persian texts, written in the official orthography of the Sasanian state and surviving in Zoroastrian texts, and a small number of inscriptions, and letters.
-
HVARCIERA
cross-reference
See XWARČIHR.
-
HYDARNES
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Gk. Hydárnēs), rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna held by several historical persons of the Achaemenid period.
-
HYDE, THOMAS
A. V. Williams
(1636-1703), D.D., English orientalist, Professor of Arabic and Hebrew in the University of Oxford, the first scholar to attempt to write a comprehensive description of the religion of Zoroaster.
-
HYDERABAD
Gavin Hambly, Deborah Hutton
(Ḥaydarābād), city in the Deccan of India, the former capital of the Nizams (Neẓāms) of Hyderabad (ca. 1724-1948) and at present the state capital of Andhra Pradesh in southern India. It had a three and a half century history as one of the major Muslim states and as a center of Indo-Persian culture in the subcontinent.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HYDROLOGY
Multiple Authors
i. Iranian plateau. ĀB. ii. Southwestern Persia. iii. Afghanistan. From a hydrological perspective, southwestern Persia must be considered as part of the Persian Gulf drainage region. Extending over an area of more than 350,000 km², its main drainage area covers the central and southwestern Zagros mountain areas with their extremely complex geomorphology.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HYENA
Steven C. Anderson
Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Pers. kaftār. The striped hyena is the only current Asian representative of the mammalian family Hyaenidae. Principal threats to hyena populations today are vehicular traffic (since they scavenge road kills at night), wanton shooting, and secondary poisoning. The hyena is a protected species in Iran.
This Article Has Images/Tables. -
HYGIENE
Cross-Reference
See HEALTH IN PERSIA.
-
HYMN OF THE PEARL
J. R. Russell
or Hymn of the Soul, a Syriac poem, of which an early Greek translation also exists, composed probably in the third century CE in the region of Edessa.
-
HYPERBOLE
N. Chalisova
a figure (or figures) of speech in the classical Persian system of ʿelm al-badiʿ.
-
HYRCANIA
cross-reference
See GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history.
-
HYSTASPES
Cross Reference
father of Darius I. See GOŠTĀSP.
-
HYSTASPES, ORACLES OF
Werner Sundermann
(Gk. Khrēseis Hystaspou), a collection of prophecies ascribed to Vištāspa, the patron and follower of Zarathustra.
-
Hāji Firuzi
music sample
-
Hālā čerā?
music sample
-
Ḥanā bandān in Kermān
music sample
-
Harāy-āhang-e bolbol
music sample
-
Ḥazin
music sample
-
Hejāz
music sample
-
Hejāz, Bastenegār, Yaquluna, Čāhārpāre
music sample
-
Ḥeṣār (part 1)
music sample
-
Ḥeṣār (part 2)
music sample
-
Ḥeṣār (part 3)
music sample
-
Heydar Bābā
music sample
-
Hormozi Saʿid
music sample
-
Hosayn Khān - Segāh
music sample
-
Ḥosayni (1)
music sample
-
Ḥosayni (2)
music sample
-
Hosaynqoli - Shur
music sample
-
Hosaynqoli – Hajiani
music sample
-
Hymn of Fozieh
music sample
-
H~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Cross-Reference
list of all the figure and plate images in the letter H entries.