Table of Contents

  • HELLENISM

    Laurianne Martinez-Sève

    Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Achaemenid Empire between 334 and 324 and the submission of the East under Greek political control provided Hellenism with much greater significance. Greek culture became that of the rulers. Cultural exchange was, however, by no means one-sided.

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  • HELLESPONT

    cross-reference

    See XERXES.

  • ḤELLI, ḤASAN B. YUSOF B. MOṬAHHAR

    Sabine Schmidtke

    generally referred to, using his title, as “ʿAllāma Ḥelli,” prominent Imami theologian and jurist (1250-1325).

  • ḤELLI, NAJM-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM JAʿFAR

    Etan Kohlberg

    known as Moḥaqqeq or Moḥaqqeq-e awwal, a leading jurist of the Twelver Shiʿite school of Ḥella (b. ca. 1205-06, d. 1277).

  • HELMAND RIVER

    Multiple Authors

    the border river of Afghanistan and Persia. It originates in the mountains in the Hazārajāt (q.v) and flows into the Sistān in southeastern Persia and finally drains into the Hāmun Lake.

  • HELMAND RIVER i. GEOGRAPHY

    M. Jamil Hanifi and EIr

    At approximately 1,300 km, the Helmand River is the longest river in Afghanistan. Originating from the Koh-e Bābā heights of the Hindu Kush mountain range (about 40 km west of Kabul), the Helmand receives five tributaries—Kajrud (Kudrud), Arḡandāb, Terin, Arḡastān, and Tarnak.

  • HELMAND RIVER ii. IN ZOROASTRIAN TRADITION

    Gherardo Gnoli

    According to Avestan geography, the region of the Haētumant River extends in a southwest direction from the point of confluence of the Arḡandāb with the Helmand.

  • HELMAND RIVER iii. IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    The early Islamic geographers refer variously to the Helmand River as Hendmand, Hilmand, Hirmid, Hidmand, Hermand, or Hirmand, the usual name in Persian down to the present time.

  • HELMAND RIVER iv. IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES

    Arash Khazeni

    The late 19th and 20th centuries saw a number of colonial and national schemes, including boundary commisions and large-scale irrigation projects, that aimed to demarcate the Iran-Afghan borderlands.

  • HELMET

    Multiple Authors

    OVERVIEW of the entry: i. In Pre-Islamic Iran. ii. In the Islamic period.