Table of Contents

• ḤEKMAT

  Nasseredin Parvin

  the first Persian-language newspaper to be published in an Arab country,  published in Cairo, 1892-1911.

• ḤEKMAT BEY

  Tahsin Yazici

  , ʿĀREF, Ottoman šayḵ-al-eslām (supreme authority in religious matters) 1845-54, poet in Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.

• HEKMAT, ʿALI-AṢḠAR

  EIr, with an initial contribution by Abbas Milani

  man of letters, university professor, cabinet minister, and the chief architect of the modernization of the educational system under Reza Shah (1893-1980). Once Reza Shah decided to unveil Persian women, he placed Hekmat in charge of mapping out a plan of action, which included co-education in the first four years of elementary school.

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• HEKMAT, REŻĀ SARDĀR FĀḴER

  Abbas Milani

  politician and powerful speaker of the House of Representatives (Majles; 1891-1978).

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• HEKMAT, ŠAMSI MORĀDPUR

  Houman Sarshar

  educator and philanthropist (1917-1997). Founder, owner and principal of Hekmat International School (1950-79) in Tehran.

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• HELĀLI ASTARĀBĀDI JAGATĀʾI

  Michele Bernardini

  Mawlānā Badr-al-Din (Nur-al-Din) accomplished Persian poet of Turkish origin (1470-1529).

• HELIOCLES I

  Osmund Bopearachchi

  the last Greek king to reign in Bactria (ca. 145-130 BCE),  known only through his monolingual coins.

• HELL

  Philippe Gignoux

  This entry will treat the concept of hell in the Iranian culture under two rubrics.

• HELL ii. Islamic Period

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  Duzaḵ and jahannam are the terms commonly used in Persian for hell.

• HELL i. IN ZOROASTRIANISM

  Philippe Gignoux

  Hell is not explicitly mentioned in the Gathas. There are only allusions, where it is said that the soul and the daēnā of the wicked will be guests in the “house of falsehood.”