Table of Contents
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ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-ʿASKARI
cross-reference
See ʿASKARI, ḤASAN B. ʿALI.
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ḤASAN B. ʿALI AL-QOMMI
David Pingree
ABU NAṢR, astrologer of the late 10th century.
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ḤASAN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB
Wilferd Madelung
eldest surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema, and second Imam of the Šiʿa after his father ʿAli.
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ḤASAN B. MOHAMMAD NIŠĀBURI
cross-reference
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ḤASAN B. MUSĀ NOWBAḴTI
cross-reference
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ḤASAN B. NUḤ B. YUSOF
Ismail K. Poonawala
a Mostaʿli Ṭayyebi Ismaʿili savant and the author of Ketāb al-azhār, a chrestomathy of Ismaʿili literature (d. 1533).
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ḤASAN B.TIMURTAŠ B. ČUBĀN KUČAK
Cross-Reference
See CHOBANIDS.
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ḤASAN BAṢRI
Christopher Melchert
(642-728), ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR, an important early Muslim preacher, theologian, jurist, Koran-reciter, and ascetic.
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ḤASAN BEG RUMLU
Sh. Quinn
(b. 1530-31), author of Aḥsan al-tawāriḵ and a cavalryman (qurči) of the Rumlu Turkman tribe of qezelbāš during the reign of Shah Ṭahmāsb Ṣafawi.
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ḤASAN BOZORG B. ḤOSAYN
cross-reference
See JALAYERIDS.
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ḤASAN GĀNGU
M. Shokoohy
ʿALĀ ʿ-AL-DIN ḤASAN BAHMANŠĀH (r. 1347-57), a Khorasani adventurer at the court of Delhi.
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ḤASAN II
Farhad Daftary
ʿALĀ ḎEKREHE’L-SALĀM, Nezāri Ismaʿili Imam and the fourth ruler of Alamut (1162-66). The most important event of his brief reign was his declaration of the qiāma (the Resurrection).
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ḤASAN KHAN QĀJĀR SĀRI AṢLĀN
cross-reference
See SĀRI ASÂLĀN.
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ḤASAN ṢABBĀḤ
Farhad Daftary
(1050s-1124), prominent Ismaʿili dāʿi and founder of the medieval Nezāri Ismaʿili state.
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ḤASAN ŠIRĀZI
Hamid Algar
(1814-1895), MIRZĀ MOḤAMMAD, often referred to as Mirzā-ye Širāzi, leading Shiʿite cleric chiefly renowned for the role he played in the celebrated Tobacco Boycott of 1892.
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ḤASAN-ʿALI BEG BESṬĀMI
Ernest Tucker
one of Nāder Shah’s closest associates, who held the title moʿayyer al-mamālek or “chief assayer” and played an important advisory role throughout Nāder’s reign.
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ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA
cross-reference
See ŠOJĀʿ-AL-ṢALṬANA, ḤASAN-ʿALI MIRZĀ.
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ḤASAN-E ḠAZNAVI
Julie Scott Meisami
(d. ca. 1161), SAYYED EMĀM AŠRAF ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYNI, poet chiefly associated with the court of the Ghaznavid ruler Bahrāmšāh.
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ḤASANI, ABU’L-ʿABBĀS AḤMAD B. EBRĀHIM
Wilferd Madelung
Zaydi scholar from Āmol in Ṭabarestān, who flourished in the first half of the 3rd/9th century and taught three Caspian Zaydi imams.
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ḤASANLU TEPPE
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
archeological site in West Azerbaijan Province in northwest Persia, a short distance southwest of Lake Urmia (former Reżāʾiya). OVERVIEW of the entry: i. The site. ii. The golden bowl.
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ḤASANLU TEPPE i. THE SITE
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
The Qadar River rises to the west in the Zagros on the Assyrian frontier near the ancient Urartian city of Musasir. Its eastern end drains into marshes north of the modern town of Mahābād, which lies northwest of the ancient country of Mannai.
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ḤASANLU TEPPE ii. THE GOLDEN BOWL
Robert H. Dyson, Jr
The “gold bowl of Ḥasanlu” was found in the debris of Burned Building I West on the Citadel Mound at Ḥasanlu in 1958. It had fallen into room 9 in the southeastern corner of the building.
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ḤASANVAND
Pierre Oberling
a Lor tribe of the Piškuh region in Lorestān. In the 1870s it numbered some 2,500 families distributed among 16 tiras.
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ḤĀŠEM, RAḤIM
Habib Borjian
(1908,-1993), Tajik essayist, literary critic, and translator, who is considered to have been one of the founders of modern Tajik literature.
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HĀŠEMIDS
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E HĀŠEM.
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HASHISH
Cross-Reference
See BANG.
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ḤASIBI, KĀẒEM
Bagher Agheli and EIr
(1906-1990), political figure and university professor. When the oil industry was nationalized in 1951, Ḥasibi, as Deputy Minister of Finance, became a member of the delegation charged with the eviction of the former oil company. He accompanied Dr. Moṣaddeq to the U.N. Security Council.
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HAŠT BEHEŠT (1)
cross-reference
See ISFAHAN x. MONUMENTS.
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HAŠT BEHEŠT (2)
Michele Bernardini
(lit: “the Eight Heavens, the Eight paradises”), a cosmological concept used on several occasions as the title of literary works, or as the name of a particular architectural form in Persian, Turkish, and Indian contexts.
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HAŠTPAR
Marcel Bazin
city in the western part of Gilān Province, center of the šahrestān (sub-provincial district) of Ṭāleš (or Tāleš).
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HAŠTPĀY
Antonio Panaino
name of a game from the Sasanian era which has not been precisely identified.
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HAŠTRUD
Z. Sadrolashrafi
a sub-province (šahrestān) in the south of Azerbaijan, situated between lat 36°45’ and 37°24’ N, long 46°25’ and 47°24’ E, some 134 km from Tabriz and 101 km from Miāna Sub-province.
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HAŠTRUDI, MOḤSEN
A. Shadi Tahvildar-Zadeh and Fariborz Majidi
In Tehran, Mohsen Hastrudi was appointed assistant professor at the Faculty of Science of the Dānešsarā-ye ʿāli and became full professor in 1941. He was also appointed the Director of Tehran’s Department of Education, President of the University of Tabriz (1951), and the Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Tehran (1957).
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ḤĀTAMI, ʿALI
Jamsheed Akrami
(b. Tehran, 1944; d. Tehran, 1996), Iranian scriptwriter and film director. For all his interest in dealing with the characters and incidents shaping the political and social history of the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, Ḥātami’s films are not particularly concerned with faithful representation and historical accuracy.
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HATAMTU
Cross-Reference
See ELAM.
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HATARIA, MANEKJI LIMJI
Firoze M. Kotwal, Jamsheed K. Choksy, Christopher J. Brunner, and Mahnaz Moazami
(1813-1890), emissary of the Parsis of India to the Zoroastrians of Iran from 1854 to 1890. His forebears were among the Zoroastrian migrants from Safavid Persia to the major commercial port of Surat.
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HĀTEF, SAYYED AḤMAD EṢFAHĀNI
Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā and EIr
(d. 1783), an influential poet of the 18th century.
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HĀTEFI, ʿABD-ALLĀH
Michele Bernardini
(d. Ḵargerd, 1521) Persian poet and nephew of ʿAbd-al-Rahmān Jāmi.
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ḤĀTEM ṬĀʾI
Mahmoud Omidsalar
the epitome of generosity and munificence in Arabic and Persian anecdotal traditions.
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ḤĀTEM-NĀMA
Pegah Shahbaz
a popular prose romance by an unknown author, consisting of the imaginary adventures of Ḥātem Ṭāʾi, the pre-Islamic Arab noble, renowned for his boundless generosity and graceful hospitality.
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HATRA
Rüdiger Schmitt
(Ḥaṭrā; Ar. Ḥażr), a strongly fortified city in Upper Mesopotamia (today northern Iraq), situated at lat 35°40′ N, long 42°45′ E in the midst of the desert steppe of the northern Jazīra.
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HAUG, MARTIN
Almut Hintze
(1827-1876) Oriental scholar and one of the founders of Iranian studies. His contributions to Old and Middle Iranian studies remained influential well into the twentieth century.
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HAUMAVARGĀ
Rüdiger Schmitt
a term distinguishing one of the three groups of Sakā tribes, Sakā haumavargā, in some of the lists of the peoples in the Achaemenid royal inscriptions.
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HAURVATĀT
cross-reference
See HORDĀD; AMƎŠA SPƎNTA.
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ḤĀWI, AL-
Lutz Richter-Bernburg
(i.e., al-Ketāb al-ḥāwi fi’l-ṭebb “Comprehensive book on medicine”), the title of a major Arabic work on medicine in twenty-five volumes by Abu Bakr Moḥammad.
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HAWK
Cross-Reference
See BĀZ.
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HAWRAMAN
cross-reference
See AVROMAN.
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ḤAWZA-YE ʿELMIYA
Cross-Reference
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HAXAMĀNIŠ
cross-reference
See ACHAEMENES.
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ḤAYĀT-DĀWUDI
Pierre Oberling
a sedentary Lor tribe dwelling in the dehestān of Ḥayāt-dāwūd, stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Māhur-e Mīlāti mountains, northwest of Bušehr.
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HAYĀṬELA
cross-reference
See HEPHTHALITES.
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HAYʾATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI
Cross-Reference
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ḤAYĀTI TABRIZI, QĀSEM BEG
Kioumars Ghereghlou
16th-century Persian historian, whose chronicle, Tāriḵ, spans the period between Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din Esḥāq Ardabili and Shah Esmāʿil I.
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ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY
Tahsin Yazici
or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.
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ḤAYDAR ʿALI EṢFAHĀNI, Ḥājji Mirzā
Moojan Momen
(b. Isfahan, ca. 1830; d. Haifa, 1920), Bahāʾi polemicist.
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ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMU-OḠLI
Alireza Sheikholeslami
(1880-1921), revolutionary activist who used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century. Forced to leave Persia in 1911, he was sent back by the Bolsheviks to settle the conflict between the Jangalis and the Communist Party of Persia in Gilān.
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ḤAYDAR MIRZĀ ṢAFAVI
Michel M. Mazzaoui
Safavid prince who considered himself to be the chosen successor of his father, Shah Ṭahmāsb, but was killed immediately after the latter’s death on 14 May 1576.
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ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(ca. 1459-88), spiritual leader of the Ṣafaviya Sufi order and father of Shah Esmāʿil I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.
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ḤAYDAR, Mir
Cross-Reference
See MANGHITS.
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ḤAYDARI and NEʿMATI
John R. Perry
(also Amir-Ḥaydari; Neʿmat-Allāhi), mutually hostile urban moieties of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran.
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HĀYEDA
Erik Nakjavani
(b. Tehran, 1942; d. San Jose, Calif., 1990), popular Persian singer. Hāyeda primarily distinguished herself by a naturally rich, operatic alto voice. For nearly two decades, she performed the āvāz and interpreted popular traditional and contemporary songs, all based on the modal system of traditional Persian music.
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ḤAYRAT, MOḤAMMAD ṢEDDIQ
Habib Borjian
(1878-1902) Tajik poet from Bukhar, literary scholars praise him as one of the best Persian poets of the late 19th century
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HAYTON
Peter Jackson
an Armenian prince, lord of the city of Gorighos in Cilicia, and nephew of King Hetʿum I; he was exiled by his cousin King Hetʿum II and lived as a monk in Cyprus before moving to Poitiers in France, where in 1307 he composed a treatise commissioned by Pope Clement V outlining the conduct of a crusade.
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ḤAYYA ʿALĀ ḴAYR AL-ʿAMAL
Meir M. Bar-Asher
a religious formula, meaning “Come to the best of actions,” included in the call to prayer (aḏān) by all three major branches of Shiʿism, Twelvers, Zaydis and Ismaʿilis.
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HAŽĀR
Keith Hitchins
pen name of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Šarafkandi (b. Mahābād, 1921; d. Tehran, 1991), Kurdish poet, philologist, and translator. A master of traditional Kurdish poetry, he infused the content of his poems with a new, uncompromising militancy. His language is simple and direct, close to the spoken form.
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HAZĀR AFSĀN
Cross-Reference
The Persian title of The Arabian Nights, the world-famous collection of tales. See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.
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HAZĀR O YAK ŠAB
cross-reference
See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.
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HAZĀRA
Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer
the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, after the Pashtuns and the Tājiks, who represent nearly a fifth of the total population. OVERVIEW of article: i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt, ii. History, iii. Ethnography and social organization, iv. Hazāragi dialect.
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HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt
Arash Khazeni
Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan. In some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical one–that of Afghanistan’s Turko-Mongol Shiʿites.
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HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY
Alessandro Monsutti
Among the Hazāras themselves, three main theories exist: they are of Mongolian or Turko-Mongolian descent; they are the pre-Indo-European autochthones of the area; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.
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HAZĀRA iii. Ethnography and social organization
Alessandro Monsutti
It would be misleading to present a fixed and definitive image of the main Hazāra tribes, as the affiliations are changing over time and the designations reflect the political situation.
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HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect
Charles M. Kieffer
The number of hazāragi speakers is approximately 1.8 million. The Afghan hazāragi varieties of Persian are essentially very close to modern tājiki, or rather of modern dari Persian, or even kāboli Persian, but their typology still has to be fully defined.
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HAZĀRASPIDS
C. Edmund Bosworth
a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Lorestān and the adjacent parts of Fārs, and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Il-khanid, Mozaffarid, and Timurid periods.
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HAZĀRBED
M. Rahim Shayegan
or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.
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HAZĀRSOTUN
Gavin R. G. Hambly
the palace-complex of Moḥammad b. Toḡloq (1325-1551) at Jahānpanāh (Delhi).
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HAZELNUT
H. Aʿlam
(fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value.
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ḤAZIN
Jean During
in Persian music, a small guša (melodic type) of the Persian classical model repertoire radif.
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ḤAZIN LĀHIJI
John R. Perry
Persian poet and scholar (1692-1766), emblematic of the cultivated Shiʿite mirzā of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran who fled a politically dangerous and economically depressed milieu for the courts of Muslim India.
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HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN
Fakhreddin Azimi
(1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister. Hažir’s assassination was a result of religio-political sentiments, accentuated by his royalism, identification with the least popular policies and conduct of the court and government, and his image as a close ally of the British.
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HAZL
cross-reference
See HUMOR.
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HEAD GEAR
cross-reference
See CLOTHING.
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HEALTH IN PERSIA
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. iii. Qajar period. iv. Pahlavi period.
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HEALTH IN PERSIA i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD
Philippe Gignoux
Health and medicine are clearly defined in Pahlavi literature in the philosophical and moral tradition already taught by the fifth-century BCE Greek “father of medicine,” Hippocrates.
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HEALTH IN PERSIA ii. MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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HEALTH IN PERSIA iii. QAJAR PERIOD
Amir Arsalan Afkhami
Under the Qajars a centralized public health policy was introduced for the first time in Persia.
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HEALTH IN PERSIA iv. PAHLAVI PERIOD
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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HEAVEN
Cross-Reference
See ĀSMĀN; ESCHATOLOGY.
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HECATAEUS OF MILETUS
Joseph Wiesehöfer
a Greek author from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor (fl. between 560 and 418 BCE), author of a geographical survey of the regions and the peoples in the Achaemenid empire.
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HECATOMPYLUS
cross-reference
See ŠAHR-E QUMIS.
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HEDĀYAT AL-MOTAʿALLEMIN FI’L-ṬEBB
Jalal Matini
the complete title of the oldest extant treatise on medicine written in Persia, which is also commonly referred to simply as Ketāb-e Hedāyat.
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HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA
Manouchehr Kasheff, Amemeh Yousefzadeh
(1864-1955), MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist.
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HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK
Manouchehr Kasheff
(1864-1955), statesman, author, and musicologist, whose political career include a role in the Constitutional Revolution, tenures as governor-general of Fārs and of Azerbaijan during World War I and its aftermath, and premiership in the early Pahlavi era.
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HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA ii. AS MUSICIAN
Ameneh Yousefzadeh
Apart from a book about musical theory, the Majmaʿ al-adwār (Tehran, 1938), we owe him one of the earliest complete notations of the repertoire of Persian music (radifs).
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HEDĀYAT, REŻĀQOLI KHAN
Paul E. Losensky
Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qajar period (1800-1871).
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ
Multiple Authors
(Hedāyat, Ṣādeq), the eminent fiction writer (1903-1951), who had a vast influence on the next generation of Persian writers.
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ i. LIFE AND WORK
Homa Katouzian and EIr
Sadeq Hedayat was the youngest child of Hedā-yatqoli Khan Eʿteżād-al-Molk, the notable literary historian, the dean of the Military Academy.
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ ii. THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUE IN HEDAYAT’S FICTION
Michael Graig Hillmann
Most of the short stories that Sadeq Hedayat wrote between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s are generally culture-specific, full of local color, and depict some aspects of Iranian life.
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ iii. HEDĀYAT AND FOLKLORE STUDIES
Ulrich Marzolph
Hedayat is acknowledged as a major contributor in twentieth-century Iran to the growing awareness devoted to the collection and study of various aspects of everyday culture, particularly verbal art.
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS
Touraj Daryaee
Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar B. T. Anklesaria.
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HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India
Nadeem Akhtar
Hedayat’s sojourn in India (1936) helped him add a new aspect to his works and provided him with the opportunity to study Middle Persian with the Parsi scholar Bahramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria. His story “Mihanparast” is apparently a reflection of his experience during the sea trip to India.
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