Table of Contents

• HADITH ii. IN SHIʿISM

  A. Kazemi-Moussavi

  The Twelver Shiʿite conception of Hadith is generally in line with that of the Sunnites as discussed in Section i. However, Hadith about the Imams are authoritative as well.

• HADITH iii. IN ISMAʿILISM

  Ismail K. Poonawala

  Ismaʿilis had neither a Hadith collection of their own nor a distinct Ismaʿili law before the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa in 297/909.

• HADITH iv. IN SUFISM

  Hamid Algar

  In keeping with all other categories of Islamic literature, the writings of the Sufis are replete with not only Koranic citations but also quotations of Hadith.

• HADITH v. AS INFLUENCED BY IRANIAN IDEAS AND PRACTICES

  Shaul Shaked

  The contact of Arabia with ancient Iran started even before Islam, and there are definite traces of the presence of Iranian religious notions in the Koran.

• HĀDŌXT NASK

  Jean Kellens

  (Book of scriptures), the sixth of the seven Gaθic (Gāsānīg) nasks of the Sasanian Avesta, according to the Dēnkard (8.45.1).

• HADRIAN

  Ernst Badian

  (Publius Aelius Hadrianus), Roman emperor 117-38. He abandoned the Parthian War and the provinces east of the Euphrates that had been instituted by Trajan but never securely held.

• ḤĀʾERI, ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI

  Hamid Algar

  , Shaikh (1859-1937), an influential “source of emulation” (marjaʿ-e taqlid) as well as founder of the institution of religious teaching and guidance (Ḥawza-ye ʿelmiya) in Qom. His literary legacy was relatively meager, the result of his preoccupation with administering the Ḥawza and teaching.

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• HAFEZ

  Multiple Authors

  Celebrated Persian lyric poet (ca. 715-792/1315-1390).

• HAFEZ i. AN OVERVIEW

  Ehsan Yarshater

  Hafez is the most popular of Persian poets. Many of his lines have become proverbial sayings, and there are few who cannot recite some of his lyrics.

• HAFEZ ii. HAFEZ’S LIFE AND TIMES

  Bahaʾ-al-Din Khorramshahi and EIr

  In spite of this enormous popularity and influence, details of his life are extremely sketchy, and the brief references in taḏkeras (anthologies with biographical sketches) are often unreliable or even purely fictitious.