Table of Contents

• ḤOSAYNIYA

  Jean Calmard

  buildings specifically designed to serve as venues for Moḥarram ceremonies commemorating the martyrdom of Ḥosayn b. ʿAli.

• ḤOSAYNIYA-YE MOŠIR

  Jean Calmard

  a ḥosayniya  building in the Sang-e Siāh quarter of Shiraz, famous for its exquisite tile paintings.

• ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN MĀFI

  Cross-Reference

  See NEẒĀM-AL-SALṬANA MĀFI, ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN.

• ḤOSAYNQOLI KHAN SARDĀR-E IRAVĀNI

  George A. Bournoutian

  important governor in the early Qajar period (b. ca. 1742, d. 1831).

• ḤOSAYNQOLI, ĀQĀ

  Ameneh Youssefzadeh

  noted tār player and teacher (1853-1916). His performances were considered both technically brilliant and artistically exquisite. The regularity and force of the down and up strokes (rāst and čap) of his plectrum were much admired. He used a five-string tār and disapproved of the addition of the sixth string.

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• ḤOSN O DEL

  Ḏabiḥ-Allāh Ṣafā

  an allegorical work by Fattāḥi Nišāburi (1404-46), one of the best examples of rhyming prose in the Timurid period.

• ḤOSN-E TAʿLIL

  Natalia Chalisova

  (lit. “beauty of rationale”), “fantastic etiology,” a rhetorical device among the figures of ʿelm-e badiʿ (the science of rhetorical embellishment).

• HOSSEIN, ANDRÉ

  Iraj Khademi

  French composer (1905-1983).

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• HOSTAGE CRISIS

  Mohsen M. Milani and EIr

  the events following the seizure of the American embassy in Tehran by leftist Islamist students in 1979 with subsequent wide-ranging repercussions on Iran’s domestic politics as well as on U.S.-Iran relations.

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• HOTZ, ALBERT PAUL HERMAN

  Cyrus Ala’i

  a Dutch trader, collector of artifacts, and author on Iran (1855-1930).

• HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

  cross-reference

  See MAJLES.

• HOUSING IN IRAN

  Habibollah Zanjani

  This entry examines: (1) the growth of housing units during 1966-96; (2) housing policies adopted in various development plans and the results; (3) main characteristics of housing in Iran; and (4) investment in, and economics of, housing.

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• HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, ALBERT

  John D. Gurney

  , Sir, engineer and employee of the Persian government for over thirty years in the later 19th and early 20th centuries (1846-1916). For both the Persian government and the expatriate community, his importance reached far beyond any official position he held. Unlike many of the foreign advisers employed by successive Persian governments, he was both loyal and knowledgeable.

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• HOVEYDA, AMIR-ABBAS

  Abbas Milani

  (Amir ʿAbbās Hoveydā; 1919-1979), the longest serving prime minister in the modern history of Iran (1964-1975). His tenure  can be divided into two phases. In the 1960s, he was full of optimism and energy; in the 1970s he was characterized by cynicism, a clinging attachment to power and its perks, and an almost despondent air of resignation. What remained the same were his economic policies.

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• HUART, CLÉMENT

  Jean Calmard

  French orientalist (1854-1926), especially known as editor and translator of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish sources and prolific author of works covering many aspects of Oriental studies.

• HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH

  Erich Kettenhofen and Rüdiger Schmitt

  eminent German scholar of Iranian and Armenian studies (1848-1908).

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• ḪUDIMIRI

  Inna Medvedskaya

  a peripheral district and city in Elam, mentioned only in the 7th century BCE, in the Assyrian sources during the reign of Ashurbanapal.

• HŪGAR

  cross-reference

  See ALBORZ.

• HŪITI

  cross-reference

  See AVESTAN PEOPLE.

• HUḴT

  Nassereddin Parvin

  monthly periodical published in Persian by Iranian Zoroastrians, 1950-84.

• HULĀGU KHAN

  Reuven Amitai

  fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 1215, d. 1265).

• HUMAN MIGRATION

  Mehdi Amani and Habibollah Zanjani

  The cornerstone of the concept of migration is the geographical difference between place of birth and place of residence. This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries.

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• HUMAN RIGHTS

  cross-reference

  See Supplement.

• HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA

  Mary Boyce

  three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives,  they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act.”

• HUMBAN

  cross-reference

  See ELAM vi.

• HUMOR

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  In the present article the focus will be on description and classification of the types of humor that can be found in Persian literary sources, mainly belonging to the classical period.

• HUMORALISM

  Amir Arsalan Afkhami

  (ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors. which are identified as blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot or cold and dry or moist.

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• HUMORS

  cross-reference

  See HUMORALISM.

• HUNNIC COINAGE

  Michael Alram

  coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India. It must be emphasized that our knowledge of these Central Asian nomads is, to a certain extent, still vague; and the research on their history is controversial.

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• HUNS

  Martin Schottky

  collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle, thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu, a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 BCE.

• HUNTING IN IRAN

  A. Shapur Shahbazi

  i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In the Islamic period. See Supplement. Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages.

• HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH

  Ursula Sims-Williams

  American geographer (1876-1947). In Central Asia ihe collected extensive data and acquired several manuscripts and wooden documents in Kharoṣṭhī, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Khotanese.

• HUR

  Nassereddin Parvin

  name of a newspaper (1943-45) and a bilingual (Persian and Armenian) monthly journal (1971-74).

• HÜSING, GEORG

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  versatile German scholar, whose fields included Old Iranian and Elamite studies (1869-1930).

• HUŠT

  Mary Boyce and Firoze Kotwal

  Zoroastrian-Persian term for the area (in known practice a town-quarter, a village, or a group of villages) assigned to a priest.

• HUŠYĀR ŠIRĀZI

  DARYOUSH ASHOURI

  MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, university professor and author (1904-1957).

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• HUTAOSA

  cross-reference

  See ATOSSA.

• HUTUXŠ

  cross-reference

  and HUTUXŠBED, artisans as a class and the chief of artisans in Sasanian society. See CLASS SYSTEM ii.

• HUVIŠKA

  A. D. H. Bivar

  ruler of the Great Kushan lineage, successor of Kaniška I the Great, known chiefly from inscriptions and from a prolific coinage. He reigned from at least the year 28 to 60 of the Kaniška Era, equivalent to 154-86 CE.

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• HUZWĀREŠ

  D. Durkin-Meisterernst

  a term describing the use of Semitic word masks in Middle Persian texts, written in the official orthography of the Sasanian state and surviving in Zoroastrian texts, and a small number of inscriptions, and letters.

• HVARCIERA

  cross-reference

  See XWARČIHR.

• HYDARNES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (Gk. Hydárnēs), rendering of the Old Persian male name Vidṛna held by several historical persons of the Achaemenid period.

• HYDE, THOMAS

  A. V. Williams

  , D.D., English orientalist, Professor of Arabic and Hebrew in the University of Oxford, the first scholar to attempt to write a comprehensive description of the religion of Zoroaster (1636-1703).

• HYDERABAD

  Gavin Hambly, Deborah Hutton

  (Ḥaydarābād), city in the Deccan of India, the former capital of the Nizams (Neẓāms) of Hyderabad (ca. 1724-1948) and at present the state capital of Andhra Pradesh in southern India. It had a three and a half century history as one of the major Muslim states and as a center of Indo-Persian culture in the subcontinent.

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• HYDROLOGY

  Multiple Authors

  From a hydrological perspective, southwestern Persia must be considered as part of the Persian Gulf drainage region. Extending over an area of more than 350,000 km², its main drainage area covers the central and southwestern Zagros mountain areas with their extremely complex geomorphology. i. Iranian plateau. ii. Southwestern Persia. iii. Afghanistan. 

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• HYENA

  Steven C. Anderson

  Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758), Pers. kaftār. The striped hyena is the only current Asian representative of the mammalian family Hyaenidae. Principal threats to hyena populations today are vehicular traffic (since they scavenge road kills at night), wanton shooting, and secondary poisoning. The hyena is a protected species in Iran.

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• HYGIENE

  Cross-Reference

  See HEALTH IN PERSIA.

• HYMN OF THE PEARL

  J. R. Russell

  or Hymn of the Soul, a Syriac poem, of which an early Greek translation also exists, composed probably in the third century CE in the region of Edessa.

• HYPERBOLE

  N. Chalisova

  a figure (or figures) of speech in the classical Persian system of ʿelm al-badiʿ.

• HYRCANIA

  cross-reference

  See GORGĀN ii.