Table of Contents

• HAYĀṬELA

  cross-reference

  See HEPHTHALITES.

• HAYʾATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI

  Cross-Reference

  See JAMʿIYATHĀ-YE MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI.

• ḤAYĀTI TABRIZI, QĀSEM BEG

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  16th-century Persian historian, whose chronicle, Tāriḵ, spans the period between Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din Esḥāq Ardabili and Shah Esmāʿil I.

• ḤAYĀTI, ABDÜLHAY

  Tahsin Yazici

  or ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy, 15th century poet who wrote a series of Turkish poems modeled on Neẓāmi’s Ḵamsa.

• ḤAYDAR ʿALI EṢFAHĀNI, Ḥājji Mirzā

  Moojan Momen

  (b. Isfahan, ca. 1830; d. Haifa, 1920), Bahāʾi polemicist.

• ḤAYDAR KHAN ʿAMU-OḠLI

  Alireza Sheikholeslami

  (1880-1921), revolutionary activist who used terror to radicalize Persian politics in the early 20th century. Forced to leave Persia in 1911, he was sent back by the Bolsheviks to settle the conflict between the Jangalis and the Communist Party of Persia in Gilān. 

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• ḤAYDAR MIRZĀ ṢAFAVI

  Michel M. Mazzaoui

  Safavid prince who considered himself to be the chosen successor of his father, Shah Ṭahmāsb, but was killed immediately after the latter’s death on 14 May 1576.

• ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI

  Kioumars Ghereghlou

  (ca. 1459-88), spiritual leader of the Ṣafaviya Sufi order and father of Shah Esmāʿil I, the founder of the Safavid dynasty.

• ḤAYDAR, Mir

  Cross-Reference

  See MANGHITS.

• ḤAYDARI and NEʿMATI

  John R. Perry

  (also Amir-Ḥaydari; Neʿmat-Allāhi), mutually hostile urban moieties of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran.

• HĀYEDA

  Erik Nakjavani

  (b. Tehran, 1942; d. San Jose, Calif., 1990), popular Persian singer. Hāyeda primarily distinguished herself by a naturally rich, operatic alto voice. For nearly two decades, she performed the āvāz and interpreted popular traditional and contemporary songs, all based on the modal system of traditional Persian music.

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• ḤAYRAT, MOḤAMMAD ṢEDDIQ

  Habib Borjian

  (1878-1902) Tajik poet from Bukhar, literary scholars praise him as one of the best Persian poets of the late 19th century

• HAYTON

  Peter Jackson

  an Armenian prince, lord of the city of Gorighos in Cilicia, and nephew of King Hetʿum I; he was exiled by his cousin King Hetʿum II and lived as a monk in Cyprus before moving to Poitiers in France, where in 1307 he composed a treatise commissioned by Pope Clement V outlining the conduct of a crusade.

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• ḤAYYA ʿALĀ ḴAYR AL-ʿAMAL

  Meir M. Bar-Asher

  a religious formula, meaning “Come to the best of actions,” included in the call to prayer (aḏān) by all three major branches of Shiʿism, Twelvers, Zaydis and Ismaʿilis.

• HAŽĀR

  Keith Hitchins

  pen name of ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān Šarafkandi (b. Mahābād, 1921; d. Tehran, 1991), Kurdish poet, philologist, and translator. A master of traditional Kurdish poetry, he infused the content of his poems with a new, uncompromising militancy. His language is simple and direct, close to the spoken form.

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• HAZĀR AFSĀN

  Cross-Reference

  The Persian title of The Arabian Nights, the world-famous collection of tales. See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.

• HAZĀR O YAK ŠAB

  cross-reference

  See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.

• HAZĀRA

  Arash Khazeni, Alessandro Monsutti, Charles M. Kieffer

  the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, after the Pashtuns and the Tājiks, who represent nearly a fifth of the total population. OVERVIEW of article: i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt, ii. History, iii. Ethnography and social organization, iv. Hazāragi dialect.

• HAZĀRA i. Historical geography of Hazārajāt

  Arash Khazeni

  Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan.  In some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious zone rather than a geographical one–that of Afghanistan’s Turko-Mongol Shiʿites.

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• HAZĀRA ii. HISTORY

  Alessandro Monsutti

  Among the Hazāras themselves, three main theories exist: they are of Mongolian or Turko-Mongolian descent; they are the pre-Indo-European autochthones of the area; or they are of mixed race as a result of several waves of migration.

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• HAZĀRA iii. Ethnography and social organization

  Alessandro Monsutti

  It would be misleading to present a fixed and definitive image of the main Hazāra tribes, as the affiliations are changing over time and the designations reflect the political situation.

• HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect

  Charles M. Kieffer

  The number of hazāragi speakers is approximately 1.8 million. The Afghan hazāragi varieties of Persian are essentially very close to modern tājiki, or rather of modern dari Persian, or even kāboli Persian, but their typology still has to be fully defined.

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• HAZĀRASPIDS

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Lorestān and the adjacent parts of Fārs, and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Il-khanid, Mozaffarid, and Timurid periods.

• HAZĀRBED

  M. Rahim Shayegan

  or Hazāruft; title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran.

• HAZĀRSOTUN

  Gavin R. G. Hambly

  the palace-complex of Moḥammad b. Toḡloq (1325-1551) at Jahānpanāh (Delhi).

• HAZELNUT

  H. Aʿlam

  (fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value.

• ḤAZIN

  Jean During

  in Persian music, a small guša (melodic type) of the Persian classical model repertoire radif.

• ḤAZIN LĀHIJI

  John R. Perry

  Persian poet and scholar (1692-1766), emblematic of the cultivated Shiʿite mirzā of Safavid and post-Safavid Iran who fled a politically dangerous and economically depressed milieu for the courts of Muslim India.

• HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN

  Fakhreddin Azimi

  (1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister. Hažir’s assassination was a result of religio-political sentiments, accentuated by his royalism, identification with the least popular policies and conduct of the court and government, and his image as a close ally of the British.

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• HAZL

  cross-reference

  See HUMOR.

• HEAD GEAR

  cross-reference

  See CLOTHING.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA

  Multiple Authors

  OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. iii. Qajar period. iv. Pahlavi period.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD

  Philippe Gignoux

  Health and medicine are clearly defined in Pahlavi literature in the philosophical and moral tradition already taught by the fifth-century BCE Greek “father of medicine,” Hippocrates.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA ii. MEDIEVAL PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA iii. QAJAR PERIOD

  Amir Arsalan Afkhami

  Under the Qajars a centralized public health policy was introduced for the first time in Persia.

• HEALTH IN PERSIA iv. PAHLAVI PERIOD

  Cross-Reference

  See Supplement.

• HEAVEN

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀSMĀN; ESCHATOLOGY.

• HECATAEUS OF MILETUS

  Joseph Wiesehöfer

  a Greek author from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor (fl. between 560 and 418 BCE), author of a geographical survey of the regions and the peoples in the Achaemenid empire.

• HECATOMPYLUS

  cross-reference

  See ŠAHR-E QUMIS.

• HEDĀYAT AL-MOTAʿALLEMIN FI’L-ṬEBB

  Jalal Matini

  the complete title of the oldest extant treatise on medicine written in Persia, which is also commonly referred to simply as Ketāb-e Hedāyat.

• HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA

  Manouchehr Kasheff, Amemeh Yousefzadeh

  (1864-1955), MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist.

• HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK

  Manouchehr Kasheff

  (1864-1955), statesman, author, and musicologist, whose political career include a role in the Constitutional Revolution, tenures as governor-general of Fārs and of Azerbaijan during World War I and its aftermath, and premiership in the early Pahlavi era.

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• HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA ii. AS MUSICIAN

  Ameneh Yousefzadeh

  Apart from a book about musical theory, the Majmaʿ al-adwār (Tehran, 1938), we owe him one of the earliest complete notations of the repertoire of Persian music (radifs).

• HEDĀYAT, REŻĀQOLI KHAN

  Paul E. Losensky

  Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qajar period (1800-1871).

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ

  Multiple Authors

  (Hedāyat, Ṣādeq), the eminent fiction writer (1903-1951), who had a vast influence on the next generation of Persian writers.

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ i. LIFE AND WORK

  Homa Katouzian and EIr

  Sadeq Hedayat was the youngest child of Hedā-yatqoli Khan Eʿteżād-al-Molk, the notable literary historian, the dean of the Military Academy.

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• HEDAYAT, SADEQ ii. THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUE IN HEDAYAT’S FICTION

  Michael Graig Hillmann

  Most of the short stories that Sadeq Hedayat wrote between the late 1920s and the mid-1930s are generally culture-specific, full of local color, and depict some aspects of Iranian life.

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ iii. HEDĀYAT AND FOLKLORE STUDIES

  Ulrich Marzolph

  Hedayat is acknowledged as a major contributor in twentieth-century Iran to the growing awareness devoted to the collection and study of various aspects of everyday culture, particularly verbal art. 

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS

  Touraj Daryaee

  Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar B. T.  Anklesaria.

• HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India

  Nadeem Akhtar

  Hedayat’s sojourn in India (1936) helped him add a new aspect to his works and provided him with the opportunity to study Middle Persian with the Parsi scholar Bahramgore Tahmuras Anklesaria. His story “Mihanparast” is apparently a reflection of his experience during the sea trip to India.

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