Table of Contents

• GOL ḴĀNĀN MORDA

  Bruno Overlaet

  Three pit graves, of which one was covered with flat stones, were found underneath the Iron Age III tombs. One contained a button base beaker and two comparable beakers were found between the Iron Age III tombs. This indicates the presence of Iron Age I graves at the site.

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• GOL O BOLBOL

  Layla S. Diba

  lit. “rose and nightingale,” a popular literary and decorative theme. Together, rose and nightingale are the types of beloved and lover par excellence; the rose is beautiful, proud, and often cruel, while the nightingale sings endlessly of his longing and devotion.

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• GOL-ĀQĀ

  EIr

  a weekly satirical magazine founded by Kayumarṯ Ṣāberi which first began publication on 23 October 1990.

• GOL-E GĀVZABĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See GĀVZABĀN.

• GOL-E GOLĀB, ḤOSAYN

  Cross-Reference

  (1895-1985) botanist, musician, poet, scholar, and member of the Farhangestān. See GOL-GOLĀB.

• GOL-E SORḴI, ḴOSROW

  Cross-Reference

  (1943-1974), poet and revolutionary figure whose defiant stand during his televised show trial, and subsequent execution by firing squad in 1974, enshrined his place in the cultural and political history of modern Persia. See GOLSORḴI.

• GOL-E ZARD

  Nassereddin Parvin

  literary, socio-satirical newspaper, published 1918-1924.

• GOL-GOLĀB, ḤOSAYN

  H. Ettehad Baboli

  Among Gol-golāb’s best known songs are “Aḏarābādagān” and “Ey Irān”; the latter has become virtually the national anthem of Persia. Gol-golāb also composed Persian lyrics for the music of Georges Bizet’s Carmen and Charles Gounod’s Faust.

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• GOLĀB

  Hušang Aʿlam

  rose water, a distillate (ʿaraq) obtained chiefly from the gol-e moḥammadi, the best-known product made from rose petals in Persia, widely used in sherbets, sweetmeats, as a home medicament, and on some religious occasions.

• GOLĀBI

  Cross-Reference

  See PEAR.