Table of Contents

• GELĪM

  Cross-Reference

  See KELIM; see also CARPETS v. Flat-woven carpets: Techniques and structures; and  vii. Islamic Persia to the Mongols.

• GELPKE, RUDOLF

  HERMANN LANDOLT

  Rudolf Gelpke was educated at the universities of Basel, Zürich, and Berlin. He became a noted writer in his early twenties, and his novel Holger und Mirjam was published in Zürich in 1951. His interests in the Islamic world began after a visit to Tunisia in 1952.

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• GELŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See GAYŌMART.

• GEMCUTTING

  Parviz Mohebbi

  (Pers. ḥakkākī); the first-known reference in Persian to gem cutting is found in an anonymous treatise on jewelry, Jowhar-nāma-ye neẓāmī.

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• GENÇOSMAN, MEHMED NURÎ

  Tahsın Yazici

  (b. Ağın district of Elazığ, 1897; d. Istanbul, 1976), Turkish poet and translator of Persian works.

• GENDARMERIE

  Stephanie Cronin

  the first modern highway patrol and rural police force in Persia. The Government Gendarmerie (Žāndārmerī-e dawlatī) was established in 1910 by the second Majles and proved the most enduring in a series of official projects for the modernization of the armed forces under the leadership of foreign officers.

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• GENDER RELATIONS i

  Farzaneh Milani

  Gender relations in Persia.  Overview of article: i. In Modern Persia, ii. In the Islamic Republic.

• GENDER RELATIONS ii

  Hammed Shahidan

  ii. In the Islamic Republic.

• GENGHIS KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  See ČENGĪZ KHAN.

• GENIE

  Mahmoud Omidsalar

  name of a category of supernatural beings believed to have been created from smokeless fire and to be living invisibly side-by-side the visible creation.