Table of Contents

• GATE

  Cross-Reference

  See DARVĀZA.

• GATHAS

  Multiple Authors

  or GĀΘĀS; the core of the great Mazdayasnian liturgy, the Yasna, consisting of five gāθās, or modes of song (gā) that comprise seventeen songs composed in Old Avestan language, and arranged according to their five different syllabic meters.

• GATHAS i

  Helmut Humbach

  Each single song covers one chapter (Av. hāiti-, Phl. hā) of the Yasna.

• GATHAS ii

  William W. Malandra

  Of the entire corpus of the Avesta, the Gathas have been translated far more frequently than any of its other divisions.

• GAUB(A)RUVA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  The reading of the Old Persian form cannot be ascertained with reliability, mainly because the Babylonian form suggests an original with -bar- and the Greek rendering is just against this.

• GAUDEREAU, MARTIN

  Jacqueline Calmard-Compas

  (b. Langeais, 1663; d. Paris, 1743), French missionary priest (and later Abbé) who left valuable observations on Persia and played a part in Franco-Persian relations.

• GAUGAMELA

  Ernst Badian

  site of one of the greatest battles in history, resulting in the decisive victory of Alexander the Great over Darius III on 1 October 331 B.C.E.

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• GAUMĀTA

  Pierre Briant

  according to the Bīsotūn inscriptions, the Magian pretender who seized the Achaemenid throne by claiming to be Bardiya (Smerdis), the son of Cyrus the Great.

• GĀV

  Cross-Reference

  See CATTLE.

• GĀV-ZABĀN

  Hushang Aʿlam

  lit. ”ox-tongue” (in reference to the rough, tongue-shaped leaves of the plant); the popular designation for several medicinal species of the borage family (Boraginaceae).