Table of Contents
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GONĀBĀD
Minu Yusuf-Nežād
a town and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the province of Khorasan.
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GONĀBĀDI ORDER
Hamid Algar
an offshoot of the Neʿmat-Allāhi Sufi order, still active in Persia.
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GONĀBĀDI, ʿEMĀD-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD
Shiro Ando
or Jonābādi, b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin b. Neẓām-al-Din Moḥammad (b. 1415), Timurid financial officer and vizier.
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GONĀBĀDI, Mirzā ABU’L-QĀSEM QĀSEMI
Cross-Reference
poet. See QĀSEMI Gonābādi, Mirzā Abu’l-Qāsem.
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GONĀBĀDI, MOḤAMMAD PARVIN
Cross-Reference
Persian scholar and translator. See PARVIN GONĀBĀDI.
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GONBAD -E ʿALAWIĀN-E Hamadān
Cross-Reference
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GONBĀD-E KĀVUS
Cross-Reference
See GONBAD-E QĀBUS.
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GONBAD-E QĀBUS
E. Ehlers, M. Momeni, and EIr, Habib-Allāh Zanjāni, Sheila S. Blair
(now referred to officially as Gonbad-e Kāvus) is the administrative center of the sub-province (šahrestān) of the same name and the urban center of the Turkman tribal area in northern Persia. It is named after its major monument, a tall tower that marks the grave of the Ziyarid ruler Qābus b. Vošmgir (r. 978-1012).
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GONBAD-E SORḴ
Marcus Milwright
the “Red Tomb,” completed on 4 March 1148, the earliest of five medieval mausolea located in Marāḡa in Azerbaijan. It combines elements of the two common forms of Islamic Iranian monumental tomb, the domed cube, and the conically-roofed circular or polygonal tower.
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GONDĒŠĀPUR
A. Shapur Shahbazi, Lutz Richter-Bernburg
in the Sasanian epoch, Gondēšāpur was one of the four major cities of Ḵuzestān, the other three being Karḵa, Susa, and Šuštar. The extensive irrigation systems developed there by the early Sasanians were probably aimed at supplying a large population.
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GONDOPHARES
A. D. H. Bivar
Indo-Parthian king (20-46 C.E.) in Drangiana, Arachosia, and especially in the Punjab.
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GŌR
Cross-Reference
the historical name for present-day Firuzābād in Fārs. See ARDAŠIR ḴORRA; FIRUZĀBĀD.
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GŌRĀN
Cross-Reference
a tribe in Kurdistan. See GURĀN.
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GORĀN, ʿABD-ALLĀH SOLAYMĀN
Keith Hitchins
(1904-62), the leading Kurdish poet of the twentieth century.
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GORĀZ
Cross-Reference
See BOAR.
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GORBA
Cross-Reference
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ḠŌRBAND
M. Jamil Hanifi
or ḠURBAND; a major valley of Kōhestān/Kuhestān and a sub-province (woloswāli) of Parvān province in the southern foothills of the Hindu Kush massif, located approximately 50 miles north of Kabul.
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ḠORBATI
Cross-Reference
See GYPSY.
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GORDĀFARID
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
daughter of Gaždaham, the castellan of Dež-e Sapid, the Iranian fortress on the frontier with Turān.
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GORDIA
Cross-Reference
a female character in the Shah-nama. See BAHRĀM (2) vii. Bahrām VI Čōbīn.
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GORDIANUS III
Cross-Reference
Roman emperor. See Šāpur I.
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GORDON, THOMAS EDWARD
Rose L. Greaves
(1832–1914), General Sir, British intelligence officer, director of the Imperial Bank of Persia (Bānk-e šāhi-e Irān) from 1893 to 1914, author, and apparently the first person to use the term Middle East, which meant particularly Persia and Afghanistan.
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GORDUENE
Cross-Reference
See KORDUK.
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GORG
Cross-Reference
See WOLF.
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GORGĀN
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Geography, ii. Dašt-e Gorgān, iii. Population, iv. Archeology, v. Pre-Islamic history, vi. History from the rise of Islam to the beginning of the Safavid Period, vii. To the end of the Pahlavi era.
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GORGĀN i. Geography
Ḥabib-Allāh Zanjāni
the ancient Hyrcania, an important Persian province at the southeast corner of the Caspian sea.
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GORGĀN ii. Dašt-e Gorgān
Eckart Ehlers
the designation of a steppe-region of approximately 10,000 km2 near the southeastern edge of the Caspian Sea, stretching for almost 200 km east-west between Morāva Tappa and the coast of the Caspian Sea near Gomišān.
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GORGĀN iii. Population
Ḥabib-Allāh Zanjāni
Over the past four decades, the population of Golestān Province as a whole has increased 4.5 times, 8.5 times in the urban and 3.3 times in the rural areas. In the same period, the number of its cities has increased from 5 to 16.
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GORGĀN iv. Archeology
Muhammad Yusof Kiani
The Greek historian Arrian, recording Alexander’s expedition to the East, speaks of Alexander’s march to the city of Zadracarta, the largest town in the region and the capital of Hyrcania, where the royal palace was situated.
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GORGĀN v. Pre-Islamic history
A. D. H. Bivar
The area comprises two distinct climatic zones: the rainforest of the Alborz northern slopes and the Gorgān plain, well-watered and fertile close to the mountains but passing into increasingly desert steppe as the distance from the foothills increases.
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GORGĀN vi. History From The Rise Of Islam To The Beginning Of The Safavid Period
C. Edmund Bosworth
formed in Sasanian and pre-modern Islamic times a transitional zone, a corridor, between the subtropical habitat and climate of Māzandarān to its west, and the arid steppes of Dehestān and beyond them, the Qara Qum Desert to its northwest.
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GORGĀN vii. History from the Safavids to the end of the Pahlavi era
Jawād Neyestāni and EIr
Two characteristics dominated the history of Gorgān in the period between the 16th and early 19th centuries: incessant tribal unrest and power politics.
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GORGĀN BAY
Cross-Reference
See ASTARĀBĀD BAY.
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GORGANAJ
Cross-Reference
See CHORASMIA.
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GORGĀNI DIALECT
Cross-Reference
See MĀZANDARĀNI.
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GORGĀNI, ABU’L-HAYṮAM AḤMAD
Cross-Reference
See ABU’L-HAYṮAM GORGĀNI.
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GORGĀNI, FAḴR-AL-DIN ASʿAD
Julie Scott Meisami
(fl. ca. 1050), poet, best known for his verse romance Vis o Rāmin, completed in 1055 or shortly thereafter and dedicated to the Saljuq governor of Isfahan, the ʿAmid Abu’l-Fatḥ Moẓaffar b. Moḥammad.
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GORGIJANIDZE, PARSADAN
Jemshid Giunashvili
(1626-1696), a Georgian literary figure and historian who served in the Safavid administration as deputy governor of Isfahan and royal chamberlain.
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GORGIN
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
son of Milād, one of the heroes of the reigns of Kay Kāvus and Kay Ḵosrow and the head of the Milād family.
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GORGIN KHAN
Rudi Matthee
also known as Giorgio XI and Šāhnavāz Khan II; Georgian prince (d. 1709), who was alternately ruler of Georgia and holder of high positions in the Safavid administration and military.
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GORGIN, IRAJ
Mandana Zandian
(1935-2012), radio and television broadcaster, journalist, and the founder of several Persian radio and television networks, whose life and career unfolded in two distinct sociopolitical milieus, in Iran in the two decades that culminated in the Revolution of 1979 and in exile over the subsequent three decades of his life.
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GORJESTĀN
Cross-Reference
See GEORGIA.
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GORUH-E FARHANGI-E HADAF
Cross-Reference
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GORUH-E FARHANGI-E ḴᵛĀRAZMI
Cross-Reference
See ḴᵛĀRAZMI SCHOOLS.
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GORZ
Jalil Doostkhah
or gorza, gorz-e gāvsār/sar, lit. "ox-headed club/mace," a weapon often mentioned and variously described in Iranian myths and epic. In classical Persian texts, particularly in Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma, it is characterized as the decisive weapon of choice in fateful battles.
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GORZEVĀN
C. Edmund Bosworth
a town in the medieval Islamic region of Guzgān in northern Afghanistan.
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GŌŠ YAŠT
W. W. Malandra
the title of the ninth Yašt of the Avesta, also known as Drwāsp Yašt, after the goddess Druuāspā (see DRVĀSPĀ) to whom, in fact, it is dedicated.
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GŌSĀN
Mary Boyce
a Parthian word of unknown derivation for “poet-musician, minstrel.”
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GOŠASB BĀNU
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
or Bānu Gošasb; entitled savār (knight), Rostam’s daughter and the wife of Gēv.
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GŌSFAND
Cross-Reference
See GUSFAND.
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ḠOSL
Cross-Reference
See CLEANSING.
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GOŠNASP ASPĀD
Cross-Reference
Sasanian military commander. See ḴOSROW II.
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GŌSPAND
Cross-Reference
See CATTLE.
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GOSPEL
Cross-Reference
See BIBLE.
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GOSTAHAM
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
name of two heroes in the Šāh-nāma.
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GOŠTĀSP
A. Shapur Shabazi
Kayanian king of Iranian traditional history and patron of Zoroaster.
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GŌŠURUN
William W. Malandra
the Pahlavi name for the soul of the Sole-created Bull.
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GOTARZES
Cross-Reference
See GŌDARZ.
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GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO
Dagmar Riedel
Gottheil’s tenure at the New York Public Library (NYPL) is of relevance to the field of Iranian studies because he oversaw the development of its Near Eastern and Asian collections, first as Chief of Semitica and Orientalia (1897-1901), and afterwards as Chief of the Oriental Division.
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GÖTTINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF, HISTORY OF IRANIAN STUDIES
Ludwig Paul
History of Iranian Studies at the University of Göttingen.
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GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE
Rudi Matthee
(b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three times between 1602 and 1613 and who wrote on Persia.
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GOVĀḴARZ
Cross-Reference
a district in the medieval province of Qohestān in Khorasan. See BĀKARZ.
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GOWD-E ZEREH
Cross-Reference
See HĀMUN;
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GOWDIN TEPE
Cross-Reference
an archeological site in western Persia. See GODIN TEPE.
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GOWHAR
Nasereddin Parvin
a cultural journal published monthly from January 1973 to December 1978 (issue no. 72) of the philanthropic organization of Mortażā Nuriāni.
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GOWHAR ḴĀTUN
C. Edmund Bosworth
a Saljuq princess who became the second wife of the Ghaznavid Sultan Masʿud III (r. 1099-1115).
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GOWHAR-ĀʾĪN, Saʿd-al-dawla
C. Edmund Bosworth
(d. 1100), Turkish eunuch slave commander of the Great Saljuqs.
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GOWHAR-E MORĀD (1)
Cross-Reference
philosopher and poet. See ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ LĀHĪJĪ
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GOWHAR-E MORĀD (2)
Cross-Reference
pen name of the 20th-century author Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Sāʿedi. See SA'EDI, GHOLAM-HOSAYN.
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GOWHAR-ŠĀD ĀḠĀ
Beatrice Forbes Manz
wife of Sultan Šāhroḵ b. Timur (r. 1409-47) and daughter of Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Tarḵān, a ranking amir under Timur.
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GOWHAR-ŠĀD MOSQUE
Lisa Golombek
constructed in the early 15th century, the Friday mosque for pilgrims to the tomb of Imam ʿAli al-Reżā in Mašhad, so named after this famous shrine.
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GOWHARIN, SAYYED SĀDEQ
Peter Avery
Gowharin came from an old and distinguished family which traced its lineage back to the eponymous founder of the Nurbaḵšiyya, Sayyed Moḥammad Nurbaḵš (1392-1464). Himself a Sufi of the Ḵāksār order, his interest in mysticism went far beyond that of an academic.
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GOWJA FARANGI
Cross-Reference
See TOMATO.
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GOWRAK
Pierre Oberling
a Kurdish tribe in northwestern Persia.
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GOWZ
Cross-Reference
See WALNUT.
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GŌZEHR
Cross-Reference
Bazarangid ruler in Fārs. See ARDAŠĪR I.
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GŌZIHR
D. N. Mackenzie
the Middle Persian development of an old Iranian compound adjective *gau-čiθra-, recorded in the Younger Avesta in the form gaočiθra-, as an epithet of the moon, “bearing the seed, having the origin of cattle” (or, “the ox”).
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ḠOZZ
Peter B. Golden, C. Edmund Bosworth
a significant Turkic tribe in western Eurasia in the 5th century.
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GRAND LODGE OF IRAN
Cross-Reference
See FREEMASONRY, iii-iv.
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GRANICUS
Ernst Badian
river (mod. Kocabaş Çay) flowing into the Sea of Marmara.
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GRANT DUFF, Sir EVELYN MOUNTSTUART
Denis Wright
(b. 1863; d. Bath, 1926), British diplomat serving successively in Rome, Tehran, St. Petersburg, Stockholm, Berlin, then London.
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GRANT, Captain NATHANIEL PHILIP
Denis Wright
(b. New York, 1774; k. Ḵorramābād, 1810), a military officer of the East India Company.
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GRANTOVSKIĬ, EDVIN ARVIDOVICH
Mohammad Dandamayev
Grantovskiĭ specialized in the history of ancient Iranian tribes (especially the Medes, Persians and Scythians) and their civilizations. His research was based on Akkadian and Urartian inscriptions, Iranian texts, and classical sources and on evidence of archaeology, ethnography, and folklore.
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GRAPES
Cross-Reference
See ANGŪR.
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GRAPHIC ARTS
Mortażā Momayyez, Peter Chelkowski
Broadly speaking, graphic art and design have a long history in Persia; their antecedents can be seen in graphic motifs and patterns on ancient clay and metal vessels, stone reliefs, seals, brickwork, glazed tiles, plaster and wood carvings, cloths, carpets, marquetry, miniature paintings, calligraphy, and illumination of manuscripts.
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GRAY, BASIL
John Michael Rogers
Gray's initiation into eastern art, for which there was then no provision at any British university, came in 1928, when he worked for a season on the excavations at the great palace of the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople, followed by study in Vienna under Josef Strzygowski, who was, however, already sunk deep in diffusionism.
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GRAY, LOUIS HERBERT
William W. Malandra
In 1921 Gray was appointed associate professor of philology at the University of Nebraska, where he remained until his appointment at Columbia University as professor of Oriental Languages in 1926. In 1935, he became Professor of Comparative Linguistics, a position he held until his retirement in 1944.
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GREAT BRITAIN
Multiple Authors
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Introduction, ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present, iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century, iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21, v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41, vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79, vii. British Travelers to Persia, viii. British Archeological Excavations, ix. Iranian Studies in Britian, Pre-Islamic, x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period, xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain, xii. The Persian Community in Britain, xiii. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), xiv. The British Institute of Persian Studies, xv. British Schools in Persia.
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GREAT BRITAIN i. INTRODUCTION
EIr
During the 16th century, several unsuccessful attempts were made by the Muscovy (or Russia) Company of London to develop trade between London and Persia via Russia.
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GREAT BRITAIN ii. An Overview of Relations: Safavid to the Present
Denis Wright
Prior to the Safavid period, contacts between Britain and Persia were confined to the 13th century, and were infrequent and of short duration.
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GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century
Abbas Amanat
British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period were primarily determined by the concern for the security of colonial India and, secondarily, by trade, telegraphic communication, and financial or other conces-sionary agreements.
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GREAT BRITAIN iv. British influence in Persia, 1900-21
Mansour Bonakdarian
In the late 1890s, the Foreign Office in London came to regard Germany as the main threat to the European balance of power and British imperial hegemony around the globe.
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Great Britain v. British influence during the Reżā Shah period, 1921-41
Stephanie Cronin
During the reign of Reżā Shah (1925-1941) a profound transformation took place in both the character and the scope of British influence in Persia.
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Great Britain vi. British influence in Persia, 1941-79
Fakhreddin Azimi
For the greater part of the Qajar era (1796-1924) Persia was the scene of intense rivalry between the Russian and British empires.
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Great Britain vii. British Travelers to Persia
Denis Wright
The British, more than any others, have been prolific authors of travelogues, and memoirs about Persia.
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Great Britain viii. British Archeological Excavations
St. J. Simpson
excavations began in Persia before the so-called “French monopoly” on archeological excavations.
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Great Britain ix. Iranian Studies in Britain, Pre-Islamic
A. D. H. Bivar
Several fields of pre-Islamic Iranian Studies have seen great expansion during recent centuries, and to these, scholars and travelers from Great Britain have made substantial contributions.
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Great Britain x. Iranian Studies in Britain, the Islamic Period
Charles Melville
British interest in, and scholarship on, Persia and Persian culture in the Islamic period goes back to the first formal contacts between the two countries, that is, at least to the 16th century and the growth of Britain’s involvement in the Levant and East Indian trades.
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Great Britain xi. Persian Art Collections in Britain
J. Michael Rogers
The collecting of Persian art in Great Britain goes back at least to the missions despatched by the Safavid Shah ʿAbbās I (1588-1629) and the activities of the Sherley brothers at his court in Isfahan. The early 17th century also saw the growth of trade with Persia through the East India Company.
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Great Britain xii. The Persian Community in Britain (1)
Kathryn Spellman
This entry will be treated in two separate articles: (1) Persian Community and (2) The Library for Iranian Studies.