Table of Contents

  • FARROḴZĀD, FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN

    Farzaneh Milani

    (b. Tehran, 1935; d. Tehran, 1967), usually known as Forūḡ, Persian poet.

  • FARROXMARD

    Cross-Reference

    See MĀDAYĀN-Ī HAZĀR DĀDISTĀN.

  • FĀRS

    Multiple Authors

    province in southern Persia.

  • FĀRS i. Geography

    Xavier de Planhol

    comprised of the highland basins. East of the meridian of Bušehr and Isfahan, the Zagros mountain chains, which gradually decrease in altitude toward the southeast but still mostly remain above 2,000 and sometimes 3,000 m.

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  • FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period

    Josef Wiesehöfer

    The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a widely and well researched area, before 5,500 B.C.E.

  • FĀRS iii. History in the Islamic Period

    A. K. S. Lambton

    Although the Arabs did not take over the Sasanian system of quadrants, they kept the division of Fārs into five kūras, a division which continued until the 6th/12th century. Shiraz, a continuously inhabited site which may go back to Sasanian or even earlier times, became and has remained the provincial capital.

  • FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods

    Ahmad Ashraf

    The Qajar period (1794-1921) was marked in Fārs by rule of dozens of prince-governors; Britain’s influence; division of the Qašqāʾī and Ḵamsa tribal confederacies; continued local autonomy of tribal khans and influential landowners; and the increasing political role of the ʿolamāʾ.

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  • FĀRS v. Monuments

    Dietrich Huff

    The founder of the Sasanian empire, Ardašīr I (224-40), shifted the seat of power to the newly founded Ardašīr Ḵorra (Fīrūzābād), a circular city with palaces that are still preserved. His successor, Šāpūr I, built Bīšāpūr as his capital. Nevertheless, Eṣṭaḵr remained the most important city of Fārs until Shiraz surpassed it after the Islamic conquest in the 7th century.

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  • FĀRS vi. Population

    Habib Zanjani

    The province of Fārs is the largest and the most populous province in the south of Persia. In the  national census of 1996, it was composed of 16 counties (šahrestāns), comprising a total of 60 districts (baḵš), 48 towns (šahr), and 185 village clusters (dehestān).

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  • FĀRS vii. Ethnography

    Pierre Oberling

    The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province.

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  • FĀRS viii. Dialects

    Gernot Windfuhr

    Local variants of Persian are found in most cities and towns and their vicinities, and, rurally, mainly in the northeastern parts of the region, all of which tend to reflect a good deal of the vocabulary and idiomatic features of the earlier non-Persian dialects.

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  • FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE

    Abbas Alizadeh

    Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs.

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  • FĀRS NEWSPAPER

    Nassereddin Parvin

    name of two newspapers published in Shiraz.

  • FĀRS-NĀMA-YE EBN-E BALḴĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See EBN AL-BALḴĪ.

  • FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ

    Heribert Busse; Ahmad Ashraf and Ali Banuazizi

    a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (1821-1898). Part two includes topics such as the climate of Fārs, its flora and fauna, agricultural products, the position of Fārs according to longitude and latitude, the problem of cartographic projection.

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  • FARSANG

    Cross-Reference

    See WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

  • FARŠĒDVARD

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    a Kayanian prince in the Iranian legendary history, son of Goštāsp and brother of Esfandīār.

  • FĀRSĪ, ABŪ NAṢR ḤEBBAT-ALLĀH

    Cross-reference

    Official, soldier and poet of the Ghaznavid empire, flourished in the second half of the 5th/11th century during the reigns of the sultans Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd I and Masʿūd III b. Ebrāhīm. See ABŪ NAṢR FĀRSĪ.

  • FĀRSI, KAMĀL-AL-DIN

    Cross-Reference

    (d. 1320), the most significant figure in optics after Ebn al-Hayṯam. See FĀRESĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN ABU’L-ḤASAN MOḤAMMAD.

  • FĀRSĪMADĀN

    Pierre Oberling

    one of the most important tribes of the Qašqāʾī tribal confederacy.