Table of Contents

  • FRATARAKA

    Josef Wiesehöfer

    lit. “leader, governor, forerunner”; ancient Persian title.

  • FRAVARTISH

    Cross-Reference

    Median rebel against Darius I. See PHRAORTES.

  • FRAVAŠI

    Mary Boyce

    the Avestan word for a powerful supernatural being whose concept at an early stage in Zoroastrianism became blended with that of the urvan (the human soul).

  • FRAWĀG

    Cross-reference

    See SĪĀMAG.

  • FRAWAHR

    Cross-reference

    See FRAVAŠI.

  • FRAWARDĪGĀN

    William W. Malandra

    name of the ten-day Zoroastrian festival (gāhānbār) at year’s end in honor of the spirits of the dead.

  • FRAWARDĪN

    Cross-reference

    name of the nineteenth day of a month and also the name of the first month of the year in the Zoroastrian calendar. See CALENDARS i.

  • FRAWARDĪN YAŠT

    Mary Boyce

    the thirteenth of the Zoroastrian yašt hymns, devoted to the fravašis.

  • FRĀXKARD

    Ahmad Tafazzoli

    name of the cosmic ocean in Iranian mythology.

  • FREE VERSE

    Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak

    in Persian poetry. The term šeʿr-e āzād, Persian for the French vers libre and English free verse, entered Persia in the 1940s and immediately began to be used in a variety of senses and applied to diverse subspecies of the emerging canon of šeʿr-e now (new poetry), especially to highlight those features in which this body of poetry was felt to differ from classical Persian poetry and the contemporary practice modeled after it.