Table of Contents

• ETHÉ, CARL HERMANN

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  (1844-1917), German orientalist known for his catalogues of Islamic manuscripts and his studies and German translations of Persian poetry. His name lives on through the monumental catalogues of the Bodleian and the India Office collections, rich mines of information on all aspects of classical Persian literature.

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• ETHICS

  C.-H. de Fouchıcour

  a body of practical moral doctrine was elaborated as part of the earliest development of Persian literature, at which time considerable reflection was devoted to topics ranging from morals to ethics, from the exhortation not to harm one’s fellow creature to the search for the meaning of life.

• ETHIOPIA

  E. van Donzel

  Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-) was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid empire. The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes “with [sun]burnt faces”) are named among the peoples of the Persian Empire and are included at the end of Herodotus’s satrapy list. 

• ETHNOGRAPHY (Text)

  Brian Spooner

  , the basic field research method in anthropology. Apart from ancient and medieval travelers such as Herodotus (mid-5th century BCE), Marco Polo (late 13th century) and Clavijo (early 15th century), the record of close, firsthand observation by foreigners in the Iranian region begins with the reports of travelers to the Safavid Court in the sixteenth century.

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• ETHNOGRAPHY (Bibliography)

  Brian Spooner

  For cited works not given in detail, see “Short References.” Priority has been given to coverage of ethnographic data based on long-term participant observation, but other  ethnographically significant sources are also listed, including some based on shorter works, some by travelers from before the emergence of professional ethnography, and some from scholars trained in related fields such as folklore, linguistics and cultural geography.

• ETIQUETTE

  Nancy H. Dupree

  (Pers. nazākat, ādāb-e moʿāšarat), defined as the observance of conventional decorum particularly among the elite, is itself part of the wider topic of adab.

• EṮNĀ-ʿAŠARĪYA

  Cross-Reference

  See SHIʿITE DOCTRINE; SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya.

• ʿEṬR

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿAṬR.

• ETTEFĀQ

  Nassereddin Parvin

  title of five Persian newspapers.

• ETTEFĀQ-E ESLĀM

  Nassereddin Parvin

  lit. “Islamic Solidarity"; a weekly government newspaper which began publication in Herat as of 24 August 1920; renamed Faryād in November 1922.