Table of Contents

  • ESKANDARĪYA

    Cross-Reference

    See ALEXANDRIA.

  • EŠKĀŠ(E)M

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a settlement in medieval Badaḵšān in northeastern Afghanistan, now in the modern Afghan province of Eškāšem.

  • EŠKĀŠ(E)MĪ

    I. M. Steblin-Kamensky

    or Ishkashmi; one of the so-called “Pamir group” of the Eastern Iranian languages spoken in a few villages of the region of Eškāšem straddling the upper reaches of the Panj river.

  • ESKENĀS

    Ali Shargi

    bank note, paper currency. In 1888 an English-owned New Oriental Bank established branches in Tehran and other cities, and for the first time Persians became acquainted with a bank in the modern sense. in 1889, Baron Julius de Reuter obtained from Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah the concession of establishing the Imperial Bank of Persia and the monopoly of issuing bank notes in Persia.

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  • EṢLĀḤ

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of several Persian-language newspapers, especially the major 20th-century Kabul daily.

  • EṢLĀḤĀT-E ARŻĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See LAND REFORM.

  • ESLĀM

    Cross-Reference

    See ISLAM in IRAN.

  • ESLĀMĪYA

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian newspapers first appearing in Tabrīz in 1906.

  • ESM

    Cross-Reference

    See PERSONAL NAMES; ALQĀB WA ʿANĀWĪN.

  • EŠM b. ŠEḠĀY

    Cross-Reference

    See CENTRAL ASIA.