Table of Contents

  • ʿERĀQ

    Jean During

    musical mode mentioned for the first time in the 11th century by Kaykāvūs among some ten modes.

  • ‘Erāq, Nahib, Moḥāyyer, Ašur-āvand, Esfahānak, Ḥazin, Kerešma, Zangule

    music sample

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM

    Pardis Minuchehr

    constitutionalist newspaper published in Tehran, 1907-08. 

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    lit. “Persian Iraq”; the name given in medieval times to the largely mountainous, western portion of modern Persia.

  • ʿERĀQĪ,FAḴR-al-DĪN EBRĀHĪM

    William C. Chittick

    b. Bozorgmehr Javāleqī Hamadānī (b. Komjān, ca. 1213-14, d. Damascus, 1289), Sufi poet and author.

  • ERBEL

    Cross-Reference

    See ARBELA.

  • ERDMANN, KURT

    Jens Kr

    (b. Hamburg, 9 September 1901; d. Berlin, 30 September 1964), leading historian of Sasanian and Islamic art.

  • EREKLE II

    Keith Hitchins

    (1720-1798), king of Kakheti (r. 1744-62) and king of Kartli-Kakheti in Caucasus (r. 1762-98).

  • ƎRƎTI

    William W. Malandra

    the name of a minor goddess, one of a number of abstract deities who appear in the Avesta only in formulaic invocations of divinities.

  • EREVAN

    Erich Kettenhofen, George A. Bournoutian and Robert H. Hewsen

    ancient city and modern capital of the Republic of Armenia. After the Qara Qoyunlu made Erevan the administrative center of the Ararat region in the 15th century, travelers and historians frequently mentioned it as a major city of the region. 

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  • ERĒZ

    Cross-Reference

    See ARZENJĀN.

  • ʿERFĀN (1)

    Gerhard Böwering

    lit. "knowledge"; Islamic theosophy.

  • ʿERFĀN (2)

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian magazines and a newspaper.

  • ʿERFĀN, ḤASAN

    Habib Borjian

    Hasan Aliḵonovič Mamadḵonov (b. Samarkand, 3 March 1900; d. 22 June 1973), Tajik translator and writer.

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  • ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION

    John R. Payne

    The most generally accepted definition of an ergative construction begins with the notion that languages utilize three primitive syntactic relations, referred to as S, A, and O. S is the subject of an intransitive clause, A is the subject of a transitive clause, and O is the object of a transitive clause.

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  • ĒRĪČ MOUNTAIN

    Gherardo Gnoli

    mentioned in a chapter of the Bundahišn devoted to mountains.

  • EROTIC LITERATURE

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    expressed in Persian by the neologism "adabīyāt-e erotīk"; not a clearly defined genre, since the concept of what is “erotic” varies considerably from time to time and place to place.

  • ERŠĀD

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian newspapers and a magazine.

  • ERŠĀD AL-NESWĀN

    Nassereddin Parvin

    the first women’s periodical in Afghanistan, published weekly in Kabul from 16 March-9 June 1921.

  • ERŠĀD al-ZERĀʿA

    Maria E. Subtelny

    a Persian agricultural manual completed in Herat in 1515 by Qāsem b. Yūsof Abūnaṣrī, who was previously identified in the scholarly literature simply as Fāżel Heravī.