Table of Contents

• EPHRAIM KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  See EPʿREM KHAN.

• EPICS

  François de Blois

  narrative poems of legendary and heroic content.

• EPIDEMICS

  Cross-Reference

  See PLAGUES.

• EPIGRAM

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  originally a Greek word meaning “inscription” and denoting in Western literatures a genre of short poems characterized by their contents and style rather than by a specific prosodic form.

• EPIGRAPHY

  Multiple Authors

  the study of inscriptions, particularly their collection, decipherment, interpretation, dating, and classification.

• EPIGRAPHY i. Old Persian and Middle Iranian epigraphy

  Helmut Humbach

  Iranian epigraphy of the pre-Islamic period covers mainly inscriptions in the Old and Middle Iranian languages. Old and Middle Persian inscriptions span by far the longest period of time, from the Bīsotūn inscription until the early Islamic period.

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• EPIGRAPHY ii. Greek inscriptions from ancient Iran

  Philip Huyse

  In April 1815 the Prussian Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin enthusiastically accepted the proposal by August Boeckh to produce a comprehensive thesaurus of inscriptions that would include all Greek inscriptional material published to date.

• EPIGRAPHY iii. Arabic inscriptions in Persia

  Sheila S. Blair

  In Persia, as in other Islamic lands, Arabic was the basic language for religious texts on buildings and objects. In the early Islamic period these texts were usually written in some variant of the angular script known as Kufic. From the 12th century inscriptions in Persian became more common.

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• EPIGRAPHY iv. Safavid and later inscriptions

  Sussan Babaie

  The principal characteristic of epigraphy in Persia after the advent of the Safavids (1501) is the emphasis on Persian poetry and pious Shiʿite texts with an iconographic potency and deliberate frequency hitherto unknown. Arabic remained the language of koranic and Hadith quotations while Persian became increasingly prominent.

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• EPIGRAPHY v. Inscriptions from the Indian subcontinent

  Ziyaud-Din A. Desai

  The systematic survey and study of Perso-Arabic epigraphy of the Indian subcontinent is not even half a century old.

• EPIPHANIUS

  Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin

  (b. Eleutheropolis, Judaea, ca. 315; d. Constantia, Cyprus), bishop of Constantia on Cyprus, founded on the remains of Salamis.

• EPISCOPAL

  Hassan B. Dehqani-Tafti

  a diocese of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East, one of thirty-seven independent churches of the worldwide Anglican Communion.

• EPISTLES OF MANI

  Cross-Reference

  See MANICHEISM.

• EPISTOLARY STYLE

  Cross-Reference

  See CORRESPONDENCE.

• EPʿREM KHAN

  Aram Arkun

  Pers. Yeprem/Efrem (1868-1912), Armenian revolutionary and important military leader of the Constitutional Revolution. He uneasily reconciled his beliefs with his position as police chief of Tehran, resigning and returning to office several times.  On 24 December 1911, he shut down the parliament to comply with a Russian ultimatum, and this marked the close of Persia’s Constitutional Revolution.

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• EQBĀL

  Cross-Reference

  a newspaper. See EḤTĪĀJ.

• EQBĀL ĀḎAR, ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN QAZVĪNĪ

  Moḥammad-Taqī Masʿudiya

  or EQBĀL-AL-SOLṬĀN (b. Alvand, near Qazvīn, ca. 1869; d. Tabrīz, probably 1973), singer of Persian traditional music.

• EQBĀL ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ʿABBĀS

  Īraj Afšār

  During his years at Dār al-fonūn, Eqbāl came to know such litterati as Moḥammad-ʿAlī Forūḡī, Abu’l-Ḥasan Forūḡī, Mortażā Najmābādī, ʿAbd-al-ʿAẓīm Qarīb, Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Rahnemā, and ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Bōḡāyerī, under whose influence he embarked on a career of scholarship that continued until his death.

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• EQBĀL LĀHŪRĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  See IQBAL, MUHAMMAD.

• EQBĀL PUBLISHERS

  Cross-Reference

  See PUBLISHERS.