Table of Contents

  • ECONOMY xii. IN TAJIKISTAN

    Habib Borjian

    During the seventy years of centralized Soviet administration, the economy of Tajikistan was modernized and integrated into the Soviet economy. The Tajik Soviet Republic exhibited comparatively remarkable growth in the agricultural and industrial sectors.

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  • ʿEDĀLAT, ḤEZB-E

    Fakhreddin Azimi

    (Ar. ʿAdālat “justice”), Persian political party founded by ʿAlī Daštī in December 1941.

  • ʿEDĀLAT-ḴĀNA

    Cross-Reference

    See CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION.

  • EDEB

    Amir Hassanpour

    b. Armanī Bolāḡī (1860-1918), pen name of the Kurdish poet ʿAbd-Allāh Beg b. Aḥmad Beg Bābāmīrī Miṣbāḥ-al-Dīwān.

  • EDESSA

    Samuel Lieu

    now Urfa in southeastern Turkey, former capital of ancient Osrhoene.  Edessa was held successively by the Seleucids, Parthians, and Romans. The fact that coins were minted at Edessa under Antiochus IV suggests a degree of autonomy and importance in the Seleucid period. Greeks were never predominant in the population, however.

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  • EDITING

    Karim Emami

    the techniques of preparing a text for publication, now widely practiced at the major publishing houses in Persia.

  • EDMONDS, C. J

    Yann RICHARD

    The son of a British missionary, Edmonds was born in Japan, where he stayed up to the age of eight. He was educated in England at Bedford and Christ’s Hospital public schools and finally studied oriental languages at Cambridge under the supervision of E. G. Browne for two years.

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  • EDUCATION

    Multiple Authors

    (Pers. āmūzeš o parvareš; earlier Ar. Per. taʿlīm o tarbīat) in Iranian-speaking areas.

  • EDUCATION i. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Muhammad A. Dandamayev

    In two Elamite documents from Persepolis drafted in the 23rd regnal year of Darius I (499 B.C.E.) “Persian boys (who) are copying texts” are mentioned; the texts in question are records of the issue of grain to twenty-nine individuals and wine to sixteen.

  • EDUCATION ii. IN THE PARTHIAN AND SASANIAN PERIODS

    Aḥmad Tafażżolī

    No concrete evidence on education in Parthian times has survived. It may be postulated, however, that it was similar to education in the Sasanian period.