Table of Contents
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EMIRATES OF THE PERSIAN GULF
Cross-Reference
See UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
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EMLĀ BOḴĀRĀʾĪ, MOḤAMMAD
Jirí Bečka
b. ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn (b. 1688, Sangārak, Afghanistan; d. 1749, Bukhara), Sufi poet of Arab descent.
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EMMERICK, RONALD ERIC
Mauro Maggi
(1937-2001), distinguished Australian scholar of the ancient civilizations and languages of Iran, India, and Tibet.
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EMPLOYMENT
M. Amani
economic activity in which one engages and employs his or her time and energy. One of the major factors contributing to the growth of services is the considerable number of people working for the government.
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EMRĀNĪ
David Yeroushalmi
the name or most likely the penname (taḵalloṣ) of the fifteenth century Jewish-Persian poet of Isfahan and Kāšān.
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EMTĪĀZĀT
Cross-Reference
See CONCESSIONS.
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EN ISLAM IRANIEN, ASPECTS SPIRITUELS ET PHILOSOPHIQUES
Daryush Shayegan
(4 vols., Paris, 1971-73), the magnum opus of Henry Corbin, consisting of essays summarizing most of the major themes that defined his scholarly career and revealing his intellectual grasp of Persian philosophical thought.
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ENAMEL
EIr, Layla S. Diba
a heat-fused glass paste colored by metal oxides and used to decorate metal surfaces. Enamel was associated with lapidary, glassworking, and goldmithing crafts and was probably used primarily in place of precious stones before the 17th century.
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ʿENĀYAT, ḤAMĪD
Ahmad Ashraf
(1932-82), political scientist and translator.
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ʿENĀYAT-ALLĀH
Sheila S. Blair
Timurid builder or tile maker of the 15th century.
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ʿENĀYAT-ALLĀH KANBO
Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi
(b. Burhanpur, 31 August 1608; d. Delhi, 23 September 1671), Sufi and scholar, descendant of an old respected Lahore family that had converted to Islam in Punjab.
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA IRANICA
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM
Elton L. Daniel
a reference work of fundamental importance on topics dealing, according to its self-description, with “the geography, ethnography and biography of the Muhammadan peoples.”
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF TAJIKISTAN
Cross-Reference
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ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, PERSIAN
Živa Vesel and Hūšang Aʿlam
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Premodern, ii. Modern.
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ENDOWMENT
Cross-Reference
On charitable endowments (waqf), at present see AMLĀK, ḴĀṢṢA.
Regarding institutions, see CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS. See under individual entries, such as BONYĀD-E FARHANG-E ĪRĀN; BONYĀD-E ŠAHĪD; BONYĀD-E ŠĀH-NĀMA-YE FERDOWSĪ.
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ENGLAND
Cross-Reference
See GREAT BRITAIN.
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ENGLISH i. Persian Elements in English
D. N. Mackenzie
OVERVIEW of the entry: i. Persian elements in English. ii. Persian influences in English and American literature. iii. Translations of classical Persian literature. iv. Translations of modern Persian literature. v. i. Translations of English literature into Persian.
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ENGLISH ii. Persian Influences in English and American Literature
John D. Yohannan
Although academic Persian studies may be said to have begun in England in the early 17th century, it was not until the late 18th century that the Persian poets began to be read in English translations.
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ENGLISH iii. Translations Of Classical Persian Literature
Michael Beard
fall initially into two categories. There is a group of texts whose purpose is to convey the information of the original in discrete units, most useful with prose or narrative poetry and not necessarily “literary.” There are other translations designed to carry over the formal elements of a literary text.