Table of Contents

  • ʿEBRAT, Sayyed MOḤAMMAD-QĀSEM

    Munibur Rahman

    author of ʿEbrat-nāma, a history of the reigns of Awrangzēb’s successors to 1723.

  • ʿEBRĪ

    Cross-Reference

    "hebrew." See under JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES.

  • EBTEHAJ, ABOLHASSAN

    Geoffrey Jones

    (1899-1999), prominent banker, economic planner, and one of the most important and powerful figures in the economic history of Iran during the middle decades of the 20th century.

  • ECBATANA

    Stuart C. Brown

    present-day Hamadān, capital of the Median empire, summer capital of the Achaemenids, and satrapal seat of the province of Media from Achaemenid to Sasanian times.

  • ECKMANN, János

    ANDRÁS BODROGLIGETI

    (1905-1971), a Hungarian Professor of Chaghatay.

  • ECOLOGY

    Eckart Ehlers

    the study of organisms, both flora and fauna, in relation to their environments. Five primary ecological regions in Persia each have a characteristic combination of features: Caspian lowlands, Alborz system and mountains in Khorasan, Persian plateau,  Zagros system. Makrān mountains, and the Persian Gulf lowlands.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • ECONOMY

    Multiple Authors

    i. Economic geography, ii. In the Pre-Achaemenid period, iii. In the Achaemenid period, iv. In the Sasanian period, v. From the Arab conquest to the end of the Il-khanids, vi. In the Timurid period, vii. From the Safavids through the Zands, viii. In the Qajar period, ix. In the Pahlavi period, x. Under the Islamic Republic, xi. In modern Afghanistan, xii. In Tajikistan.

  • ECONOMY i. ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

    Xavier de Planhol

    The high plateau and its external relations. The heartland of the Iranian world, encompassing both Persia and Afghanistan, is an arid high plateau, from which communication with the outside world is extraordinarily difficult.

  • ECONOMY ii. IN THE PRE-ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Robert C. Henrickson

    Pre-Median Persia was a crucial economic component of ancient southwest Asia from the earliest times.

  • ECONOMY iii. IN THE ACHAEMENID PERIOD

    Muhammad A. Dandamayev

    The Achaemenid empire, extending from the Indus river to the Aegean sea, comprised such economically developed countries as Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, Babylonia, Elam, and Asia Minor, lands which had their long traditions of social institutions, as well as Sakai, Massagetai, Lycians, Libyans, Nubians and other tribes undergoing the disintegration of the primitive-communal phase.