Table of Contents

  • EQBĀL, MANŪČEHR

    Ahmad Ashraf

    (1909-1977), prime minister 1957-60, minister of the Royal Court, head of National Iranian Oil Company, and professor of medicine. He was regarded as an honest and ascetic man. His authoritarian character, obedience and unswerving loyalty to the shah, and political ambition, made him a trusted aide, but not a popular political figure.

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  • EQBĀL-AL-SOLṬĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See EQBĀL ĀḎAR.

  • EQBĀL-NĀMA

    Cross-Reference

    See ESKANDAR-NĀMA-ye NEẒĀMI.

  • ʿEQD-AL-ʿOLĀ

    Cross-Reference

    See AFŻAL-AL-DIN KERMĀNI.

  • EQDĀM

    Nassereddin Parvin

    name of two separate series of a Persian newspaper published and edited in the first half of the twentieth century in Tehran by the journalist, poet, novelist, and translator, ʿAbbās Ḵalīlī.

  • EQLĪD

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a small town of medieval Fārs, now in the modern rural subdistrict of the same name.

  • EQLĪM

    Cross-Reference

    See CLIME.

  • EQṬĀʿ

    A. K. S. Lambton

    in its various forms one of the most persistent and important tenurial, economic and social institutions of medieval Persia.

  • EQTEṢĀD

    Cross-Reference

    See ECONOMY.

  • ĒR, ĒR MAZDĒSN

    Gherardo Gnoli

    an ethnonym, like Old Persian ariya- and Avestan airya-, meaning “Aryan” or “Iranian.”

  • ERĀDA-YE MELLĪ

    Pīrāya Yaḡmāʾī

    lit. "national will"; a pro-British political party founded on 19 January 1944 by Sayyed Żīāʾ al-Dīn Ṭabāṭabāʾī (1891-1969), a devout anglophile politician and journalist.

  • ĒRĀN, ĒRĀNŠAHR

    D. N. MacKenzie

    ērānšahr properly denotes the empire, while ērān signifies “of the Iranians.”

  • ĒRĀN-ĀMĀRGAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ĀMĀRGAR.

  • ĒRĀN-ĀSĀN-KERD-KAWĀD

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Kawād [has] made Ērān peaceful"; name of a Sasanian province (šahr) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531).

  • ĒRĀN-ŠĀD-KAWĀD

    Rika Gyselen

    name of a Sasanian town occurring in post-Sasanian sources only.

  • ĒRĀN-ŠAHR

    Cross-Reference

    See ĒRĀN.

  • ĒRĀN-WĒZ

    D. N. MacKenzie

    the Middle Persian designation of the territory of the Aryans.

  • ĒRĀN-WIN(N)ĀRD-KAWĀ

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Kawād[has] arranged Ērān"; name of a Sasanian province (šahrestān) created by Kawād I (r. 488-531) in his reorganization of the empire.

  • ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-ŠĀBUHR

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Ērān, glory of Šāpūr"; Sasanian province (šahrestān) containing Susa and probably created by Šāpūr II (r. 309-379).

  • ĒRĀN-XWARRAH-YAZDGERD

    Rika Gyselen

    lit. "Ērān, glory of Yazdegerd"; Sasanian province probably created by Yazdegerd II (438-457).

  • ʿERĀQ

    Jean During

    musical mode mentioned for the first time in the 11th century by Kaykāvūs among some ten modes.

  • ‘Erāq, Nahib, Moḥāyyer, Ašur-āvand, Esfahānak, Ḥazin, Kerešma, Zangule

    music sample

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM

    Pardis Minuchehr

    constitutionalist newspaper published in Tehran, 1907-08. 

  • ʿERĀQ-E ʿAJAM(Ī)

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    lit. “Persian Iraq”; the name given in medieval times to the largely mountainous, western portion of modern Persia.

  • ʿERĀQĪ,FAḴR-al-DĪN EBRĀHĪM

    William C. Chittick

    b. Bozorgmehr Javāleqī Hamadānī (b. Komjān, ca. 1213-14, d. Damascus, 1289), Sufi poet and author.

  • ERBEL

    Cross-Reference

    See ARBELA.

  • ERDMANN, KURT

    Jens Kr

    (b. Hamburg, 9 September 1901; d. Berlin, 30 September 1964), leading historian of Sasanian and Islamic art.

  • EREKLE II

    Keith Hitchins

    (1720-1798), king of Kakheti (r. 1744-62) and king of Kartli-Kakheti in Caucasus (r. 1762-98).

  • ƎRƎTI

    William W. Malandra

    the name of a minor goddess, one of a number of abstract deities who appear in the Avesta only in formulaic invocations of divinities.

  • EREVAN

    Erich Kettenhofen, George A. Bournoutian and Robert H. Hewsen

    ancient city and modern capital of the Republic of Armenia. After the Qara Qoyunlu made Erevan the administrative center of the Ararat region in the 15th century, travelers and historians frequently mentioned it as a major city of the region. 

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  • ERĒZ

    Cross-Reference

    See ARZENJĀN.

  • ʿERFĀN (1)

    Gerhard Böwering

    lit. "knowledge"; Islamic theosophy.

  • ʿERFĀN (2)

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian magazines and a newspaper.

  • ʿERFĀN, ḤASAN

    Habib Borjian

    Hasan Aliḵonovič Mamadḵonov (b. Samarkand, 3 March 1900; d. 22 June 1973), Tajik translator and writer.

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  • ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION

    John R. Payne

    The most generally accepted definition of an ergative construction begins with the notion that languages utilize three primitive syntactic relations, referred to as S, A, and O. S is the subject of an intransitive clause, A is the subject of a transitive clause, and O is the object of a transitive clause.

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  • ĒRĪČ MOUNTAIN

    Gherardo Gnoli

    mentioned in a chapter of the Bundahišn devoted to mountains.

  • EROTIC LITERATURE

    Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

    expressed in Persian by the neologism "adabīyāt-e erotīk"; not a clearly defined genre, since the concept of what is “erotic” varies considerably from time to time and place to place.

  • ERŠĀD

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian newspapers and a magazine.

  • ERŠĀD AL-NESWĀN

    Nassereddin Parvin

    the first women’s periodical in Afghanistan, published weekly in Kabul from 16 March-9 June 1921.

  • ERŠĀD al-ZERĀʿA

    Maria E. Subtelny

    a Persian agricultural manual completed in Herat in 1515 by Qāsem b. Yūsof Abūnaṣrī, who was previously identified in the scholarly literature simply as Fāżel Heravī.

  • ERṮ

    Cross-Reference

    See INHERITANCE.

  • ERUANDAŠAT

    Robert H. Hewsen

    a city in Armenia located on a rocky hill at the juncture of the Akhurean and Araxes rivers.

  • ERZENJĀN

    Cross-Reference

    a town in northeastern Anatolia. See ARZENJĀN.

  • ERZİ, ADNAN SADIK

    Osman G. Özgüdenlı and Mustafa Uyar

    After graduating in 1947, ERZİ began work for the Society of Turkish History as a library and publications specialist. In April 1947 he was appointed the Library Manager of the Faculty of Language and History/Geography at the University of Ankara.

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  • ESʿAD DEDE, MEHMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    Moḥammad Asʿad Dada (b. Salonika, 1841; d. Istanbul, 9 August 1911), Turkish author and Sufi poet of the Mawlawī order.

  • ESʿAD EFENDİ, MEHMED

    Tahsın Yazici

    Moḥammad Asʿad Efendi (b. Istanbul, 14 June 1570; d. Istanbul, 21 June 1625), Ottoman religious figure and author of both Persian and Turkish poetry.

  • ʿEṢĀMĪ, ʿABD-AL-MALEK

    Peter Jackson

    (fl. 1350), Indo-Muslim poet writing in Persian.

  • EŠĀRĀT WA’L-TANBĪHĀT, AL-

    M. E. Marmura

    a late work of Avicenna (Ebn Sīnā, d. 1037), written sometime between 1030 and 1034, which sums up his thought in a language that is often deeply personal and expressive.

  • ESCHATOLOGY

    Multiple Authors

    the branch of theology concerned with final things, i.e., the advent of the savior to defeat evil and the end of the world.

  • ESCHATOLOGY i. In Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian Influence

    Shaul Shaked

    Faith in the events beyond life on this earth is attested in the Zoroastrian scriptures from the very first, from the Gāθās. This faith developed and became central to later Zoroastrianism so that it colors almost all aspects of the religious life.

  • ESCHATOLOGY ii. Manichean Eschatology

    Werner Sundermann

    Manichean eschatology, teachings about final things, provided information on what happened during and after the death of a single human being and also on what would happen before and at the end of this world.

  • ESCHATOLOGY iii. Imami Shiʿism

    M. A. Amir-Moezzi

    It is known that among Islamic doctrinal trends and schools of thought that Shiʿism, Imami Shiʿism in particular, has developed eschatological doctrine most fully.

  • ESCHATOLOGY iv. In Babism and Bahaism

    Stephen Lambden

    Individual Babis and Bahais have compiled testimonia and written “demonstrative treatises” (estedlālīya) to show the fulfillment, in their religion, of apocalyptic and eschatological prophecies.

  • EṢFAHĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See ISFAHAN.

  • EṢFAHĀN and EṢFAHĀNĀT

    Cross-Reference

    See BAYĀT-E EṢFAHĀN.

  • EṢFAHĀNĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤASAN

    David Pingree

    b. Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan, author of the Ketāb al-bolhān on astrology, magic, divination, and demonology, which he composed around 1400 for Ḥosayn b. Aḥmad b. Moḥammad Erbelī.

  • EṢFAHĀNĪ, ABU’L-ŠAYḴ ABŪ MOḤAMMAD ʿABD-ALLĀH

    Martin McDermott

    b. Moḥammad b. Jaʿfar b. Ḥayyān ḤĀFEẒ ANṢĀRĪ (887-979), traditionist and Koran commentator, important principally for his Ṭabaqāt al-moḥaddeṯīn.

  • ESFAHANI, Jaleh

    Shadab Vajdi

    (Žāla Eṣfahāni, b. Esfahan, 1921; d. London, 29 November 2007), poet and political activist. Esfahani’s poetry is ensconced in the tradition of Persian prosody. With few exceptions, she adheres to the metrical traditions of classical Persian poetry. She frequently borrows imageries from poets of the classical period and adapts them to the requirements of her politically laden poems.

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  • EṢFAHĀNI, MOḤAMMAD MAʿṢUM

    Kioumars Ghereghlou

    (ca. 1597-ca. 1647), Safavid bureaucrat and historian, whose history entitled the Ḵolāṣat al-siar chronicles the reign of Shah Ṣafi.

  • ESFAHSĀLĀR

    Cross-Reference

    See SEPAHSĀLĀR.

  • ESFAND

    Mahmoud Omidsalar

    a common weed found in Persia, Central Asia, and the adjacent areas.

  • ESFANDĪĀR (1)

    Ehsan Yarshater

    son of Goštāsp, Kayanian prince of Iranian legendary history and hero of Zoroastrian holy wars, best known for his tragic combat with with Rostam, the mightiest warrior of Iranian national epic.

  • ESFANDĪĀR (2)

    Ehsan Yarshater

    one of the seven great clans of Parthian and Sasanian times.

  • ESFANDĪĀR KHAN BAḴTĪĀRĪ, ṢAMṢĀM-AL-SALṬANA, SARDĀR(-E) ASʿAD

    G. R. Garthwaite

    (1844-1902), important leader of the Baḵtīārī tribe in southwestern Persia and grandfather of Queen Ṯorayyā.

  • ESFANDĪĀRĪ, ḤĀJJ MOḤTAŠAM-AL-SALṬANA ḤASAN

    Bāqer ʿĀqelī

    (b. 23 April 1867; d. 24 February 1945), politician, governor, and speaker of the Majles.

  • ESFARA

    Habib Borjian

    a district in the Fergana valley south of the Jaxartes which extends to the foothills of the Turkestan range.

  • ESFARĀYEN

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    or ESFARĀʾĪN; a district, and in pre-modern Islamic times, a town, of northwestern Khorasan.

  • ESFEZĀRĪ, ABŪ ḤĀTEM

    Cross-Reference

    5th/12th-century astronomer. See ASFEZĀRĪ, ABŪ ḤĀTEM.

  • ESFEZĀRĪ, MOʿĪN-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD ZAMČĪ

    MARIA E. Subtelny

    (ca. 1446-1510), calligrapher specializing in the taʿlīq script, minor poet (pen name Nāmī), and master of the epistolary art who flourished in Herat during the reign of the Timurid Solṭān-Ḥosayn Bāyqarā.

  • ESFĪJĀB

    Cross-Reference

    See ASFĪJĀB.

  • ESḤĀQ

    Mohsen Zakeri

    b. ṬOLAYQ (or Ṭalīq), the secretary responsible for translating the financial dīvāns of Khorasan into Arabic in 741-42.

  • ESḤĀQ AḤMAR NAḴAʿI

    Mushegh Asatryan

    a prominent Shiʿi extremist active in Iraq, founder of the Esḥāqiya ḡolāt sect, and the supposed author of a number of texts.

  • ESḤĀQ KHAN QARĀʾĪ TORBATĪ

    Kambiz Eslami

    (ca. 1743-1816), one of the wealthiest and most powerful chieftains in Khorasan during the reigns of Āḡā Moḥammad Khan and Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah Qājār.

  • ESḤĀQ MAWṢELĪ

    Everett K. Rowson

    (767?-850), prominent musician at the ʿAbbasid court in Baghdad and the successor of his equally famous father Ebrāhīm Mawṣelī as leader of the conservative school of musicians of the time.

  • ESḤĀQ TORK

    ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Zarrīnkūb

    propagandist sent by Abū Moslem Ḵorāsānī (governor of Khorasan and leading figure in the ʿAbbasid revolution) to the Turkish people of Transoxania.

  • ESḤAQĪYA

    Cross-Reference

    See ḠOLĀT.

  • ESḤĀQZĪ

    Daniel Balland

    The geographical distribution of the tribe shows the dualism typical to those Pashtun tribes who have massively taken part in the colonization of North Afghanistan, a process in which the Esḥāqzī played a leading role.

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  • EŠĪK-ĀQĀSĪ-BĀŠĪ

    Roger M. Savory

    or Īšīk-āqāsī-bāšī, the title of two officials in the Safavid central administration, namely ešīk-āqāsī-bāšī-e dīvān, and ešīk-āqāsī-bāšī-e ḥaram.

  • ESKĀFI, ABŪ ḤANĪFA

    J. T. P. de Bruijn

    11th century Persian poet, mentioned among the court poets of Ḡazna.

  • ESKĀFĪ, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD

    Josef van Ess

    b. ʿAbd-Allāh, Muʿtazilite theologian of the 9th century (d. 854).

  • ESKANDAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

  • ESKANDAR B. JĀNĪ BEG

    Cross-Reference

    See ʿABD-ALLĀH KHAN b. ESKANDAR.

  • ESKANDAR BEG TORKAMĀN MONŠĪ

    Roger M. Savory

    sixteenth century author of Tārīḵ-e ʿālamārā-ye ʿabbāsī, a history of the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I.

  • ESKANDAR MĪRZĀ

    Cross-Reference

    pro-Persian member of the royal family of Georgia (b. 1770, d. after 1830).See ALEXANDER, PRINCE.

  • ESKANDAR SOLṬĀN

    Priscilla Soucek

    b. ʿOmar Šayḵ b. Tīmūr (1384-1415), Timurid prince who ruled a succession of cities in western Persia between 1403 and 1415 but is remembered mostly for his cultural patronage.

  • ESKANDAR-NĀMA

    William L. Hanaway

    Alexander the Great and the adventure tale about him known generically as the Alexander romance.

  • ESKANDAR-NĀMA OF NEẒĀMĪ

    François de Blois

    the poetical version of the life of Alexander by the great 12th century narrative poet Neẓāmī Ganjavī (1141-1209).

  • ESKANDARĪ, ĪRAJ

    Cosroe Chaqueri

    (1907-1985), prominent leader of the Tudeh Party. From 1948 he worked for the Tudeh party in Paris, Vienna, Budapest, Moscow, and finally Leipzig. His lukewarm attitude toward the Islamic Revolution and refusal of a Soviet offer to help turn Persia into another Afghanistan cost him his leadership position in 1979.

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  • ESKANDARĪ, MOḤTARAM

    Mehrangīz Dawlatšāhī

    a pioneer advocate of women’s rights in Persia (1895-1925) and the founder and leader of the first women’s association in Persia, namely Jamʿīyat-e taraqqī-e neswān, later Jamʿīyat-e neswān-e waṭanḵᵛāh (Society of Patriotic Women).

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  • ESKANDARĪ, SOLAYMĀN (MOḤSEN) MĪRZĀ

    Cosroe Chaqueri

    (1875-1944), constitutionalist, civil servant, statesman, founder of the Ejtemāʿīyūn (Socialists) political party in the 1920s. His interest in social justice and egalitarianism was more rooted in Islam than in the European Enlightenment or European socialism. 

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  • ESKANDARĪYA

    Cross-Reference

    See ALEXANDRIA.

  • EŠKĀŠ(E)M

    C. Edmund Bosworth

    a settlement in medieval Badaḵšān in northeastern Afghanistan, now in the modern Afghan province of Eškāšem.

  • EŠKĀŠ(E)MĪ

    I. M. Steblin-Kamensky

    or Ishkashmi; one of the so-called “Pamir group” of the Eastern Iranian languages spoken in a few villages of the region of Eškāšem straddling the upper reaches of the Panj river.

  • ESKENĀS

    Ali Shargi

    bank note, paper currency. In 1888 an English-owned New Oriental Bank established branches in Tehran and other cities, and for the first time Persians became acquainted with a bank in the modern sense. in 1889, Baron Julius de Reuter obtained from Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah the concession of establishing the Imperial Bank of Persia and the monopoly of issuing bank notes in Persia.

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  • EṢLĀḤ

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of several Persian-language newspapers, especially the major 20th-century Kabul daily.

  • EṢLĀḤĀT-E ARŻĪ

    Cross-Reference

    See LAND REFORM.

  • ESLĀM

    Cross-Reference

    See ISLAM in IRAN.

  • ESLĀMĪYA

    Nassereddin Parvin

    title of two Persian newspapers first appearing in Tabrīz in 1906.

  • ESM

    Cross-Reference

    See PERSONAL NAMES; ALQĀB WA ʿANĀWĪN.

  • EŠM b. ŠEḠĀY

    Cross-Reference

    See CENTRAL ASIA.