Table of Contents

• D'ARCY, JOSEPH

  Kambiz Eslami

  (Pers. “Mester Bārūt,” “Qūlūnel Khan,” “Qonsūl Khan”; b. Portsmouth, England, 14 March 1780, d. Lymington, England, 17 February 1848), major (later lieutenant colonel) in the British Royal Artillery who arrived in Persia in 1226/1811 with the ambassador Sir Gore Ouseley; he was one of a group of British officers and enlisted men who were to reform and equip the Persian army.

• D'ARCY, WILLIAM KNOX

  Fuad Rouhani

  (b. Newton Abbot, Devonshire, England, 11 October 1849, d. Stanmore, Middlesex, England, 1 May 1917), petroleum entrepreneur and founder of the oil industry in Persia and the Middle East.

• DA AFḠĀNESTĀN TĀRĪḴ ṬŌLANA

  Cross-Reference

  See Anjoman-e Tāriḵ-e Afḡānestān.

• DĀ O DOḴTAR

  Hubertus Von Gall

  (lit. “Mother and daughter”), an important rock-cut tomb, probably of the early Hellenistic period, at the northwestern corner of the Mamasanī region of Fārs. Among all the rock-cut tombs of the former territory of Media and of Fārs, it most closely resembles the royal Achaemenid tombs.

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• DABBĀḠĪ

  ʿAlī-Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrjānī

  tanning, the process by which animal skins are made into leather.

• DABESTĀN

  Cross-Reference

  (elementary school). See EDUCATION.

• DABESTĀN JOURNAL

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (“school”), Persian monthly cultural journal published in Mašhad, 1922-27. 

• DABESTĀN-E MAḎĀHEB

  Fatḥ-Allāh Mojtabāʾī

  (school of religious doctrines), an important text of the Āḏar Kayvānī pseudo-Zoroastrian sect, written between 1645 and 1658.

• DABĪR

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī, Hashem Rajabzadeh

  "secretary, scribe." i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In the Islamic period.

• DABĪR-AL-MOLK FARĀHĀNĪ

  Guity Nashat

  or Mīrzā Moḥammad-Ḥosayn (1810-80), director of the private royal secretariat under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah.

• DABĪR-E AʿẒAM

  Cross-Reference

  See BAHRAMĪ, FARAJ-ALLĀH.

• DABĪRE, DABĪRĪ

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  a term designating the “seven scripts” supposedly used in the Sasanian period.

• DABĪRESTĀN

  secondary school. See EDUCA­TION.

• DABĪRESTĀN E NEẒĀM

  military secondary school. See MILITARY.

• DABUYIDS

  Wilfred Madelung

  the dynasty of espahbads ruling Ṭabarestān until its conquest by the Muslims in 144/761.

• DĀD (1)

  Mansour Shaki

  (Av. dāta- “law, right, rule, regulation, statute, command, institution, decision”), in the Zoroastrian tradition the most general term for law.

• DĀD (2)

  Jean During

  a vocal and instrumental gūša (motif), in reality more of a melodic type than a modal structure.  

• DĀD (3)

  Nassereddin Parvin

  (lit., “justice”), a Tehran afternoon newspaper, 1942-61.

• DĀD NASK

  Mansour Shaki

  (law book), one of the three divisions of the Avesta, comprising seven nasks, subdi­vided into the five strictly legal (dādīg) nasks (Nikātum, Duzd-sar-nizad, Huspāram, Sakātum, and Vidēvdād) and the two disparate nasks, Čihrdād and Bagān Yašt.

• DADA ʿOMAR ROŠENĪ

  cofounder of the Ḵalwatī Sufi order. See DEDE ÖMER RUŞENĪ

• DADARSIS

  Muhammad A. Dandamayev

  Old Persian name derived from darš “to dare”; three men with this name are known.

• DADESTAN

  Mansour Shaki

  (dād “law,” with the formative suffix -stān), a Middle Persian term used with denota­tions and connotations that vary with the legal, reli­gious, philosophical, and social context.

• DADESTAN Ī DENIG

  Mansour Shaki

  (Religious Judgments), Pahlavi work by Manūščihr, high priest of the Persian Zoroastrian community in the 9th century.

• DADESTAN Ī MENOG Ī XRAD

  Aḥmad Tafażżolī

  (Judgments of the Spirit of Wisdom), a Zoroastrian Pahlavi book in sixty-three chapters (a preamble and sixty-two ques­tions and answers).

• DADGAH

  court of law. See judicial system.

• DĀDGĀH

  Cross-Reference

  fire. See ĀTAŠ.

• DĀDGAR, ḤOSAYN

  Bāqer ʿĀqelī

  ʿAdl-al-Molk (b. Tehran ca. 1299/1881, d. 1349 Š./1970), at various times president of the Persian Majles, cabi­net minister, and senator under the Qajar and Pahlavi dynasties.

• DĀDGOSTARĪ, WEZĀRAT-E

  Cross-Reference

  See JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS.

• DĀDĪŠOʿ

  Erica C. D. Hunter

  (Syr. “beloved of Jesus”; Payne Smith, col. 824, s.v.; Pers. “given by Jesus”), catholicus of the Sasanian “Nestorian” church in 420/21-455/56.

• DADISOʿ QATRAYA

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

  (late 7th century), Nestorian author of ascetic literature in Syriac.

• DĀḎMEHR b. FARROḴĀN

  espahbad of Ṭabarestān. See dabuyids.

• DADWAR, DADWARIH

  Mansour Shaki

  respectively judge, administrator of justice, lawgiver, lit., “bearer of law.”

• DADYSETH AGIARY

  Mary Boyce and Firoze M. Kotwal

  in 1771 C.E. Dadibhai Noshirwanji Dadyseth established an agiary (see ātaškada) with an Ādarān fire for the sake of the soul of his first wife, Kunverbai, in the Fort district of Bombay.

• DADYSETH ATAS BAHRAM

  Mary Boyce and Firoze M. Kotwal

  the oldest Ātaš Bahrām of Bombay, consecrated and installed according to Kadmi rites in the district of Fanaswadi on the day of Sarōš, month of Farvardīn 1153 A.Y./29 September 1783.

• DADYSETH, Dadibhai Noshirwanji

  Mary Boyce and Firoze M. Kotwal

  (1734-99), a distinguished Parsi philanthropist.

• DAĒNA

  Cross-Reference

  See DĒN.

• DAF(F) AND DAYERA

  Jean During, Veronica Doubleday

  terms applied to types of frame drum common in both the art music and popular traditions of Persia. Such drums have long been known throughout Asia in various forms and under different names.  The term dāyera originally referred to the flat, circular drums of pre-­Islamic Arabia.

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• DAFTAR

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  an administrative office, as well as a notebook or booklet, more especially an account book or correspondence regis­ter, used in such an office.

• DAFTAR-E ASNĀD-E RASMĪ

  Aḥmad Mahdawī Dāmḡānī

  (Registry of of ficial documents), a government department where documents and records of transactions, contracts, marriages, divorces, and the like are kept and signa­tures verified.

• DAFTAR-ḴĀNA-YE HOMĀYŪN

  Hashem Rajabzadeh

  royal sec­retariat; a Safavid administrative unit headed by the daftardār, or chief secretary.

• DĀḠ

  Ṣādeq Sajjādī

  “brand.”  According to Rašīd-al-Dīn Fażl-Allāh, “The tamḡā was a special emblem or mark that the Turkish and Mongol peoples stamped on decrees and also branded on their flocks.”   Each of the twenty-four tribes of the Oḡuz Turkmen had its own tamḡā, with which it branded its flocks.

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• DĀḠESTĀN

  Gadzhi Gamzatovich Gamzatov, Fridrik Thordarson

  (Daghestan). The many-faceted relationship between Dāḡestān (ancient Albania), a region in the eastern Caucasus, and Persia since antiquity has yet to be studied as a whole, though there is considerable historical, linguis­tic, folkloric, literary, and art-historical evidence bear­ing on it.

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• DĀḠESTĀNĪ, FATḤ ʿALĪ KHAN

  Roger M. Savory

  b. Alqāṣ Mīrzā b. Ildirim Khan Šamḵāl, grand vizier (wazīr-e aʿẓam, eʿtemād-al-dawla) under Shah Solṭān-Ḥosayn I Ṣafawī (1105-35/1694-1722).

• DAGUERREOTYPE

  Chahryar Adle

  the first practical photo­graphic process, introduced into Persia in the early 1840s, shortly after its official presentation to the French Académie de Science in Paris in 1839. Acceptance of the medium of photography in Persia reflected the cultural value attached to painting in general and portraiture in particular.

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• ḎAHABĪYA

  Hamid Algar

  a Sufi order of Shiʿite allegiance, ultimately derived from the Kobrawīya order.

• DAHAE

  François de Blois, Willem Vogelsang

  i. The name. ii. The people.

• DAHAN-E ḠOLĀMĀN

  Gherardo Gnoli

   “Gateway of the slaves,” site  ca. 30 km southeast of Zābol in Sīstān. It is the sole large provincial capital surviving from the Achaemenid empire; excavations there have brought to light a combination of “imperial” elements, identified in the public buildings, and local elements.

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• DAHBĪDĪYA

  Hamid Algar

  a hereditary line of Naqšbandī Sufis centered on the shrine at Dahbīd, a village about 11 km. from Samarqand.

• DAHM YAZAD

  Mary Boyce

  the Middle Persian name of the Zoroastrian divinity (also known as Dahmān Āfrīn and Dahmān) who is the spirit or force inherent in the Avestan benediction called Dahma Vaŋuhi Āfriti, or Dahma Āfriti.

• DAHRĪ

  Mansour Shaki, Daniel Gimaret

  (< Ar.-Pers. dahr “time, eternity”), a theological term referring either to an atheist or to an adherent of the doctrine that the universe had no beginning in time.