Table of Contents

• CHINESE TURKESTAN vii. Manicheism in Chinese Turkestan and China

  Samuel Lieu

• CHINESE TURKESTAN viii. Turkish-Iranian Language Contacts

  Gerhard Doerfer

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS

  Multiple Authors

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS i. In Pre-Islamic Times

  Edwin G. Pulleyblank

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Islamic Period to the Mongols

  J. M. Rogers

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. In the Mongol Period

  Liu Yingsheng and Peter Jackson

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. The Safavid Period, 1501-1732

  J. M. Rogers

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90

  Parviz Mohajer

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vi. Relations with Afghanistan in the Modern Period

  Daniel Balland

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T’ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties

  Chen Da-Sheng

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Language and Literature in China

  EIr

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ix. Persian Language Teaching in Modern China

  EIr

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS x. China in Medieval Persian Literature

  Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xi. Mutual Influence of Chinese and Persian Ceramics

  Oliver Watson

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xii. Mutual Influences in Painting

  Toh Sugimura

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China

  Étienne de la Vaissière

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. The Influence of Eastern Iranian Art

  M. L. Carter

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xv. THE LAST SASANIANS IN CHINA

  Matteo Compareti

  Information on those Sasanians who avoided the submission to the Arabs and lived in Central Asia or at the Tang court can be found in the works of Muslim authors and in Chinese sources.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xvi. Impact of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran

  Yidan Wang

  The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11 attracted the attention of the Chinese constitutionalists and revolutionaries immediately upon breaking out.

• CHINGGIS KHAN

  Cross-Reference

  See ČENGĪZ KHAN.

• CHINKARA

  Khushal Habibi

  or CHIKARA (Gazella bennetti, Indian gazelle), a small antelope of slender build; its tawny coat has poorly marked facial and body stripes.

• CHIONITES

  Wolfgang Felix

  a tribe of probable Iranian origin that was prominent in Bactria and Transoxania in late antiquity.

• CHITON

  Cross-Reference

  See CLOTHING i. Median and Achaemenid periods, iii. Sasanian period.

• CHITRAL

  Nigel J. R. Allan, Georg Buddruss

  (Čitrāl), river valley in the upper Indus system.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHLORITE

  Philip Kohl

  a mineral consist­ing of a group of closely related hydrous magnesium aluminum silicates of exceedingly varied chemical com­positions owing to isomorphous substitutions.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHOAMANI

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  name of an eastern Iranian tribe (perhaps located in western Bactria), mentioned only by Pomponius Mela in an enumeration of the inhabitants of the interior lands.

• CHOANA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  the name of two Iranian towns mentioned by Ptolemy.

• CHOARA

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  or CHOARENE; a town or village in Parthia mentioned by Ptolemy (6.5.3) and called “the most attractive place of Parthia” by Pliny.

• CHOASPES

  Rüdiger Schmitt

  (or Coaspēs), ancient name of three rivers.

• CHOBANIDS

  Charles Melville and ʿAbbās Zaryāb

  a fam­ily of Mongol origin descended from the amir Čobān Noyan.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHODŹKO, ALEKSANDER BOREJKO

  Jean Calmard

  (b. 30 August 1804, in Krzywicze, Poland [now in the Lithuanian S.S.R.], d. Noisy-le-Sec, near Paris, 19 December 1891), Polish poet and diplomat, the first European scholar to work on Persian folklore.

• CHOLERA

  Xavier De Planhol, Daniel Balland

  (Cholera asiatica, Cholera indica), epidemic intestinal disease of Indian origin caused by infectious bacteria.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHORASMIA

  Multiple Authors

  region on the lower reaches of the Oxus (Amu Darya) in western Central Asia.

• CHORASMIA i. Archeology and pre-Islamic history

  Yuri Aleksandrovich Rapoport

• CHORASMIA ii. In Islamic times

  C. E. Bosworth

• CHORASMIA iii. The Chorasmian Language

  D. N. MacKenzie

• CHORASMIAN COINAGE

  B. I. Vainberg

  issued by the rulers of Chorasmia between the 2nd century BCE and the 8th century CE, Chorasmian coins are important primary evidence for the Old Chorasmian language and the region’s post-Achaemenid history because of the paucity of preserved sources for this period.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHORIENES

  Marie Louise Chaumont

  Sogdian nobleman and opponent of Alexander.

• CHRISTENSEN, ARTHUR EMANUEL

  Jes P. Asmussen

  (b. Copenhagen 9 January 1875, d. Copenhagen 31 March 1945), Danish orientalist and scholar of Iranian philology and folklore.

• CHRISTIANITY

  Multiple Authors

• CHRISTIANITY i. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Literary Sources

  James R. Russell

• CHRISTIANITY ii. In Pre-Islamic Persia: Material Remains

  Judith Lerner

• CHRISTIANITY iii. In Central Asia And Chinese Turkestan

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

• CHRISTIANITY iv. Christian Literature in Middle Iranian Languages

  Nicholas Sims-Williams

• CHRISTIANITY v. Christ in Manicheism

  Werner Sundermann

• CHRISTIANITY vi. In Persian Literature

  Qamar Āryān

• CHRISTIANITY vii. Christian Influences in Persian Poetry

  Annemarie Schimmel

• CHRISTIANITY viii. Christian Missions in Persia

  Yahya Armajani

• CHRISTIE, CHARLES

  Kamran Ekbal

  , Captain (d. 1812), of the Bombay Regiment, an Anglo-Indian officer under the command of Sir John Malcolm.

• CHROMITE

  Raḥmat-Allāh Ostovār

  FeCr2O4, a dark-brown or black mineral from which chromium is refined.