Table of Contents

• CHILDREN vi. Child Rearing Among Zoroastrians in Modern Persia

  Janet Kestenberg Amighi

  In the first half of the 13th/20th century most children were born at home with the assistance of the midwife. Immediately after birth the infant was bathed to cleanse it of polluting substances and wrapped in pieces of cloth called landog.

• CHILDREN vii. Children's Literature

  EIr

  Children’s literature is a genre employing themes, language, and illustrations geared to the developmental levels of children, introduced in Persia in the 13th/19th century.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHILIARCH

  Philippe Gignoux

  Greek title of one of the chief offices of state in Achaemenid Persia, presumably translated from Old Persian hazārapati-, attested in Greek as azarapateîs, explained as eisaggeleîs, that is, announcers or ushers.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN

  EIr, Victor Mair and Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  (Sinkiang, Xinjiang), IRANIAN ELEMENTS IN.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN i. Geographical Overview

  EIr

  The eastern portion of the Central Asian land mass (see central asia i. geography), between 70° and 100° E and 25° and 45° N, encompasses Chinese Turkestan, now Sinkiang (Xin-jiang) Uighur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN ii. In Pre-Islamic Times

  Victor Mair and Prods Oktor Skjærvø

  In antiquity the Tarim and Dzungar (Zungar, Jungar) basins lay at the crossroads of three main Eurasian routes including the Southern Silk Road, the Northern Silk Road, and a northern route passing between the Bogdo-ola (Bo-ko-tuo) range and the Tien Shans.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN iii. From the Advent of Islam to the Mongols

  Isenbike Togan

  Chinese influence in the Tarim basin began to wane after the battle of Talas (Ṭarāz) in 134/751, though Islam did not gain a permanent foothold there until much later.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN iv. In the Mongol Period

  Morris Rossabi

  On the eve of the Mongol conquests the eastern oases were inhabited by the Uighur Turks. The eastern oases south of the Takla Makan were controlled by the Tangut. The western portion of the Tarim basin was inhabited by a mixture of Turkic and Iranian peoples, many of whom were Muslims.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN v. Under the Khojas

  Isenbike Togan

  The Khojas (Ḵᵛājas, Ḵᵛājagān), descendants of the Naqšbandī Sufi Aḥmad Ḵᵛājagī Kāsānī (q.v.; d. 949/1543), known as Maḵdūm-e Aʿẓam, ruled over Chinese Turkestan between 1089/1678 and 1173/1759.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• CHINESE TURKESTAN vi. Iranian Groups in Sinkiang since the 1750s

  Kim Ho-Dong

  Between the late 17th and 19th centuries many Iranian-speaking peoples from Šeḡnān (Shughnan) and Wāḵān (Wakhan) migrated to the region of the eastern Pamirs around Lake Zorkul, and mingled with the nomadic groups of Iranian descent already established there.