Table of Contents
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CHINESE TURKESTAN iv. In the Mongol Period
Morris Rossabi
On the eve of the Mongol conquests the eastern oases were inhabited by the Uighur Turks. The eastern oases south of the Takla Makan were controlled by the Tangut. The western portion of the Tarim basin was inhabited by a mixture of Turkic and Iranian peoples, many of whom were Muslims.
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CHINESE TURKESTAN v. Under the Khojas
Isenbike Togan
Although an indigenous Muslim and non-Muslim Turkic literature is attested in eastern Turkestan from an early period, the earliest surviving works embodying the historical traditions of the Chaghatayids in the 16th century are in Persian.
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CHINESE TURKESTAN vi. Iranian Groups in Sinkiang since the 1750s
Kim Ho-Dong
Between the late 17th and 19th centuries many Iranian-speaking peoples from Šeḡnān (Shughnan) and Wāḵān (Wakhan) migrated to the region of the eastern Pamirs around Lake Zorkul, and mingled with the nomadic groups of Iranian descent already established there.
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CHINESE TURKESTAN vii. Manicheism in Chinese Turkestan and China
Samuel Lieu
Manicheism was probably introduced into Inner Asia by Sogdian (Hu) merchants, though the process of its diffusion there is entirely obscure.
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CHINESE TURKESTAN viii. Turkish-Iranian Language Contacts
Gerhard Doerfer
Contacts between the Iranian peoples and the Turks occurred at least as early as 552 C.E., when the Turks spread from their northern settlements and established an empire extending from the Greater Khingan mountains to the Aral Sea and Sogdians farther west.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS
Multiple Authors
This series of articles deals with Chinese-Iranian relations spanning from Pre-Islamic times to the Constitutional Revolution in Iran.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS i. In Pre-Islamic Times
Edwin G. Pulleyblank
Contact between China and Iran was initiated toward the end of the 2nd century B.C.E. by the envoy Chang Ch’ien (Zhang Qian), who searched for the Yüeh-chih (Yue-zhi), a people that had migrated from the borders of China after having been defeated by the Hsiung-nu (Xiongnu).
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Islamic Period to the Mongols
J. M. Rogers
Ṣīn in Arabic sources referred not only to China but also to eastern Turkestan and the Far East as a whole, whereas Chinese texts rarely distinguished among Persian, Central Asian, and Arab Muslims.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. In the Mongol Period
Liu Yingsheng and Peter Jackson
The incorporation of Persia into a vast empire that extended as far as China, following the conquests of Čengīz (Chinggis) Khan (602-24/1206-27) and his grandson Hülegü (Hūlāgū; 654-63/1256-65), inaugurated an era of intense contact between Persia and China.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS iv. The Safavid Period, 1501-1732
J. M. Rogers
In the Safavid period relations with China were, unsurprisingly, indirect. In eastern Khorasan the Uzbeks and their successors blocked the land route to northwestern China through Transoxania.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vi. Relations with Afghanistan in the Modern Period
Daniel Balland
Throughout history China and Afghanistan shared a certain amount of trade, mostly tea and fruit, via the direct caravan route from Chinese Turkestan across the high passes of the Pamirs and the Wāḵān corridor to northern Afghanistan.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T’ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties
Chen Da-Sheng
Chinese authorities granted the foreign merchant communities in the major port cities a certain amount of autonomy.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS viii. Persian Language and Literature in China
EIr
The earliest Persian inscription in China is the tombstone of the Zoroastrian Ma (Pahl. *Māhnūš), wife of General Su-liang (Pahl. Farroxzād; Humbach), inscribed in both Pahlavi and Chinese and dated 874, has been discovered at Xi-an, the capital of Shan-xi province.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS ix. Persian Language Teaching in Modern China
EIr
Persian has been taught in Muslim schools in China since the 1920s.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS v. Diplomatic and Commercial Relations, 1949-90
Parviz Mohajer
There were three distinct periods in Chinese-Persian diplomatic relations: 1328-49 Š./1949-70, 1350-57 Š./ 1971-78, and 1358-69 Š./1979-90.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS x. China in Medieval Persian Literature
Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh
In medieval writings Čīn may mean either China proper or eastern Turkestan; when it refers to the latter China proper is sometimes called Māčīn (contraction of Skt. Mahāčīna “great China”).
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xi. Mutual Influence of Chinese and Persian Ceramics
Oliver Watson
Chinese ceramics were the single most important stimulus to the development of fine pottery in the Islamic world, arriving first in the 3rd/9th century.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xii. Mutual Influences in Painting
Toh Sugimura
In the Chinese cultural sphere Persian artistic influence was at its peak under the Tang dynasty (618-906 c.e.), contemporary with the end of the Sasanian period (30/651) and the first centuries after the Islamic conquest.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiii. Eastern Iranian Migrations to China
Étienne de la Vaissière
There are two different stages in the history of Eastern Iranian migrations to China: the first, still extremely obscure, is dominated by Bactrian immigrants, coming from Bactriana and the Kushan empire, and the second, from the fourth to the ninth century CE is dominated by Sogdians.
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CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS xiv. The Influence of Eastern Iranian Art
M. L. Carter
Aspects of the artistic taste in personal adornment of the nomadic tribal confederations of northeast Asia, can be seen in the late 1st-millennium Chinese decorative metalwork.
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