Table of Contents

• CASARTELLI, LOUIS CHARLES

  Antonio Panaino

  (1852-1925), scholar of ancient Iranian languages and religions and particularly of Pahlavi literature.

• CASES

  Gernot L. Windfuhr

  term "case" used on at least three linguistic levels: 1. semantic role of a noun (phrase), such as agent, patient, experiencer, and possessor; 2. syntactic function, such as subject, direct object, and indirect object; 3. morphological means, such as nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.

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• ČAŠM-PEZEŠKĪ

  Ṣādeq Sajjādī

  ophthalmology.

• ČAŠM-ZAḴM

  Ebrāhīm Šakūrzāda and Mahmoud Omidsalar

  (lit. “a blow by the eye”), the evil eye: the supposed power of an individual to cause harm, even illness or death, to another person (or animals and other possessions) merely by looking at him or complimenting him.

• ČAŠMA

  Eckart Ehlers

  “spring.”  Iran and Afghanistan, as well as wide parts of Central Asia, have a great variety of natural springs. A very general classification divides all springs into (1) those produced by gravity acting on the groundwater, (2) those that have their origins in tectonic volcanic forces within the earth’s crust.

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• ČAŠMA(-YE) ʿALĪ

  Abbas Alizadeh

  lit. “fountain of ʿAlī,” the name for various natural springs in Iran, the two best-known of which are located near Dāmḡān and Ray respectively.

• ČAŠMHĀYAŠ

  Mohammad Reza Ghanoonparvar

  (1952; tr. by John O’Kane as Her Eyes, 1989), a novel considered by many critics as the most important contribution of the noted Persian novelist Bozorg Alavi.

• ČĀŠNĪGĪR

  C. Edmund Bosworth

  literally “taster” (Pers. čāšnī “taste”), the official who at the court of Turkish dynasties in Iran and elsewhere, from the Saljuq period onwards, had the responsibility of tasting the ruler’s food and drink in order to ensure that it was not poisoned.

• CASPIAN DIALECTS

  cross-reference

  Iranian dialects spoken along the Caspian littoral, including Ṭāleši, Gīlakī, Māzandarāni, and related subdialects, and the extinct dialect of Ṭabarestān. See individual entries.

• CASPIAN GATES

  John H. Hansman

  an ancient toponym identifying a ground-level pass that runs east and west through a southern spur of the Alborz Mountains in north central Iran.