Table of Contents
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CHALAVID DYNASTY
Cross-Reference
See ĀL-E AFRĀSĪĀB.
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CHALCOLITHIC ERA
Elizabeth F. Henrickson
in Persia; chalcolithic is a term adopted for the Near East early in this century as part of an attempt to refine the framework of cultural developmental “stages” (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Ages) and used by students of western European prehistory.
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CHALDEANS
Muhammad Dandamayev
(Kaldu), West Semitic tribes of southern Babylonia attested in Assyrian texts from the early 9th century B.C.
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CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRIES, AND MINES OF PERSIA
Ahmad Ashraf
a national federation of local chambers and syndicates created in Esfand 1348 Š./March 1970 through the merger of various local chambers of commerce and the national chamber of industries and mines of Iran.
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CHAMBER of GUILDS
Ahmad Ashraf
(Oṭāq-e aṣnāf), a federation of various guilds formed in 1350 Š./1971 under the “guild-organization act” (Qānūn-e neẓām-e ṣenfī) in most urban centers.
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CHAMBERLAIN
Cross-Reference
See ḤĀJEB.
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CHAMPION, JOSEPH
Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak and Estelle Whelan
(1750-ca. 1813), English poet and translator. His three books devoted to Persian literature were all first published in India. The earliest contains English odes in imitation of the poems of Ḥāfeẓ, mostly on the theme of wine and drinking.
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CHĀNGĀ ĀSĀ
Mary Boyce and Firoze M. Kotwal
an eminent Parsi layman who lived in the 15th-16th centuries A.D. at Navsari in Gujarat.
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CHARACENE and CHARAX
John Hansman
(Spasinou) in pre-Islamic times; Characene is the name Pliny gives for the later region of Mesene (called Mēšān or Mēšūn in Middle Persian, Maysān/Mayšān in Syriac, and Maysān in Arabic) in southernmost Mesopotamia, which formed a political district of that name in the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods.
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CHARAX
A. Shapur Shahbazi
town in the Seleucid and Parthian province of Rhagiana, the area around modern Ray.
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CHARCOAL
Willem Floor
carbonized wood and other vegetal material, an important household and industrial fuel in Persia and Afghanistan.
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CHARDIN, Sir JOHN
John Emerson
(born Paris, 16 November 1643, died Chiswick, London? 5 January 1713), an Huguenot jeweler who traveled extensively in Asia and wrote the most detailed foreign account of the Persia of his time.
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CHARES of MITYLENE
Rüdiger Schmitt
Greek historiographer, who participated in Alexander’s expedition and wrote “Stories about Alexander” (Perì Aléxandron historíai), of which fragments remain.
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CHARIOT
William W. Malandra
chariots in ancient Iran were light horse-drawn, two-wheeled vehicles designed for speed and maneuverability in battle and races.
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CHARITABLE FOUNDATIONS
Maria Macuch; John R. Hinnells, Mary Boyce, and Shahrokh Shahrokh
(MPers. ruwānagān lit. “relating to the soul”), pious endowments to benefit the souls of the dead, as specified by the individual founders. i. In the Sasanian period. ii. Among Zoroastrians in Islamic times.
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CHARMS
Mahmoud Omidsalar
originally verbal formulas recited to prevent or ward off potential harm by magical power but now also denoting written and even talismanic magic.
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CHARON OF LAMPSACUS
Rüdiger Schmitt
Greek historiographer, son of Pythocles or Pythes.
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CHARPENTIER, JARL
Bo Utas
(Hellen Robert Toussaint; b. 17 December 1884, d. 5 July 1935), Swedish Indologist, Indo-Europeanist, and Iranist, born in Gothenburg as the son of an army officer.
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CHASE
Cross-Reference
See HUNTING IN IRAN.
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CHASE, THORNTON
Moojan Momen
(b. Springfield, Mass., 22 February 1847), regarded by Bahais as the first American Bahai and the first Bahai of the West.