Table of Contents
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CARD GAMES
Mahdi Roschanzamir
(ganjafa-bāzī, waraq-bāzī), card games were invented in China in the 7th-8th centuries and via India were brought to Persia, whence they reached the Arab world and Europe.
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CARDAMOM
Hūšang Aʿlam
hel in modern Persian (from Skt. elā), the aromatic seeds of several plants of the family Zingiberaceae.
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CARDINAL POINTS
Cross-Reference
See BĀḴTAR.
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CARDUCHI
Muhammad Dandamayev
warlike tribes that in antiquity occupied the hilly country along the upper Tigris near the Assyrian and Median borders, in present-day western Kurdistan.
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ČARḠ
Cross-Reference
See BĀZ.
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CARIA
Michael Weiskopf
in the area of southwestern Turkey, under Achaemenid rule first as a part of the satrapy of Sparda (Lydia; 540s-390s B.C.), then as a separate satrapy (390s-30s B.C.) under the Hecatomnid family, whose prominence and self-promotion created a number of mostly Greek epigraphic documents detailing the development of 4th-century Caria.
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ČĀRĪKĀR
Daniel Balland
main town of Kōhdāman and the administrative capital of the Afghan province of Parwān, located about 63 km north of Kabul. Throughout history there has been an important urban center at the northern end of the long Kōhdāman depression.
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ČĀRJŪY
Cross-reference
See ĀMOL.
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ČARḴ
Daniel Balland
a common toponym all over the Iranian world.
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ČARḴ-E ČĀH
Nāṣer Ḡolām-Reżāʾī
(lit. “well wheel”), a device for drawing water from a well or river or for removing soil during the excavation of a well. It is a type of windlass, consisting of a hollow horizontal cylinder around which a rope is coiled or uncoiled to raise or lower a bucket attached to the end. Formerly they were common.
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