Table of Contents

  • CANDLESTICKS

    Linda Komaroff

    from the late 6th/12th through the early 10th/16th century one of the most common types of implement produced as a luxury metalware in Iran. Their form, decoration, and epigraphic program reflect contemporary trends in Iranian metalwork.

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  • ČANDRA BHĀN

    Sharif Husain Qāsemī

    (or Čandarbhān Barahman), Indian poet and writer in Persian (b. Lahore, date unknown, d. Lahore 1073/1662-63).

  • ČANDŪ LAʿL ŠĀDĀN

    Sharif Husain Qasemi

    Maharaja, states­man and poet in Persian and Urdu (b. 1175/1761-62, d. 7 Rabīʿ II 1261/15 April 1845 at Hyderabad).

  • CANDYS

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    name probably of Iranian origin used by Greek authors for a Persian garment.

  • ČANG

    Ḥosayn-ʿAlī Mallāḥ

    In Persian literature, particularly in poetry, the harp kept an important place. In the Pahlavi text on King Ḵosrow and his page the čang player is listed among the finest of musicians. The harp was also one of the instruments played by the inmates of the harem.

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  • ČANGRANGHĀČA-NĀMA

    Žāla Āmūzgār

    a narrative work in Persian verse by Zartošt or Zarātošt, son of Bahrām-e Paždū, a poet of the 7th/13th century.

  • CANNIZZARO, FRANCESCO ADOLFO

    Antonio Panaino

    (b. Messina, 13 July 1867; d. Rome, 24 April 1914), Italian autodidact of Oriental languages and translator of the Vidēvdād.

  • ČĀP

    Willem Floor

    “print, printing,” a Persian word probably derived from Hindi chāpnā, “to print.”

  • ČĀPĀR

    Willem Floor

    (or čapar < Turk. čapmak “to gallop”), post rider.

  • CAPITAL CITIES

    A. Shapur Shahbazi, C. Edmund Bosworth

    these centers played important diplomatic and administrative roles in Iranian history, closely linked to the fortunes of the ruling families.

  • CAPITALS

    Wolfram Kleiss

    in architectural terminology, tran­sitional elements between weight-bearing supports (see COLUMNS) and the roofs or vaults supported. The development of the capital began in Assyria, when a tree trunk was inserted in the earth with another trunk or branch laid in the fork to carry the roof construction.

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  • CAPPADOCIA

    Michael Weiskopf

    Anatolian Achaemenid satrapy, Hellenistic-era Iranian kingdom, and imperial Roman province. A rolling plateau cut by mountains, Cappadocia in the east contains bare central highlands, in the west a nearly treeless land­scape, and in the north mountainous tracts marked by fertile valleys, especially on the lower Halys river.

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  • CAPUCHINS IN PERSIA

    Francis Richard

    From 1626 onward the French Capuchins established a number of missionary posts in the Near East. Capuchin monks lived solely on the alms that were given to them. The first Capuchins at Isfahan assiduously learned Persian and Turkish.

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  • ČĀR BAKR

    G. A. Pugachenkova

    (lit. “four Bakrs”), family necropolis of the powerful Jūybāri shaikhs near the village of Sumitan.

  • CARACAL

    Hūšang Aʿlam

    (Felis caracal Schreber = Lynx caracal, Caracal caracal), also called “desert lynx” or “Persian lynx”; in Persian, sīāhgūš, lit. “black-eared.”

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  • CARACALLA

    Erich Kettenhofen

    the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, known as Caracalla because of his hooded robe (b. 188, d. 217), who conducted a campaign against the Parthians.

  • CARAKA

    Ronald E. Emmerick

    the name of an Indian physician associated with one of the major works on Indian medicine (the Carakasaṃhitā), as well as the name of King Kaniṣka’s physician.

  • ČARAND PARAND

    Ḡolām-Ḥosayn Yūsofī

    (Čarand o parand), literally “fiddle-faddle,” the title of satirical pieces of social and political criticism in the form of short narratives, brief announcements, telegrams, news reports, etc., by ʿAlī-Akbar Dehḵodā.

  • CARAVAN

    Bert G. Fragner

    a form of collective transport of men and goods.

  • CARAVANSARY

    Moḥammad-Yūsuf Kīānī and Wolfram Kleiss

    a building that served as the inn of the Orient, providing accommodation for commercial, pilgrim, postal, and especially official travelers. The term kārvān-sarā was commonly used in Iran and is preserved in several place names. The normal caravansary consisted of a square or rectangular plan centered around a courtyard.

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