Table of Contents

• ASFEZĀRĪ, ABŪ ḤĀTEM

  D. Pingree

  5th/12th-century astronomer, of whose life almost nothing is known.

• ASFĪJĀB

  C. E. Bosworth

  (or ASBĪJĀB, ESBĪJĀB) a town and district of medieval Transoxania.

• ASHKHABAD

  B. Spuler

  (Russian; Persian ʿEšqābād), since the Soviet period the capital of Turkmenistan.

• ASHRAF, GHODSIEH

  Mahnaze A. da Silveira

  a Bahaʾi philanthropist, and promulgator and engineer of numerous educational and health projects, mainly for women and children.

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• AŠI

  B. Schlerath, P. O. Skjærvø

  Avestan feminine noun meaning “thing attained, reward, share, portion, recompense” and, as a personification, the goddess “Reward, Fortune.”

• ĀSĪĀ (or āsīāb, Mill)

  M. Harverson

  or āsīāb, "mill." Before World War II most grain ground to produce flour for the staple in the Iranian diet, bread, was processed by traditionally powered mills, principally watermills. Except in remote areas they have been replaced by diesel or electrically-driven mills, and old machinery has fallen derelict.

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• Asia Institute

  Richard N. Frye

  founded in 1928 in New York City as the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology, incorporated 1930 in the state of New York and active in Shiraz 1965-79. In its affiliation, functions, and publications, the Institute has had a complicated and eventful career, illustrating some of the vicissitudes of Iranian studies during the twentieth century.

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• ASIA INSTITUTE, BULLETIN OF THE

  Richard N. Frye

  originally Bulletin of the American Institute of Persian Art and Archaeology from July 1931; and the first issue was edited by Arthur Upham Pope, director of the Institute.

• ASIA MINOR

  M. Weiskopf

  IRANO-ANATOLIAN RELATIONS.

• ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL

  Cross-Reference

  See BENGAL ii. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.