Table of Contents

• AYNALLŪ

  P. Oberling

  (or ĪNALLŪ, ĪNĀLŪ, ĪMĀNLŪ), a tribe of Ḡozz Turkic origin inhabiting Azerbaijan, central Iran and Fārs.

• ʿAYNI, KAMĀL

  Habib Borjian

  As a textual and literary critic, Kamāl ʿAyni centered his work on Persian works of the Timurid era and contiguous periods, mainly the 15th and 16th centuries. He thus published a number of essays and monographs.

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• ʿAYNĪ, ṢADR-AL-DĪN

  K. Hitchins

  (1878-1954), poet, novelist, and the leading figure of Soviet Tajik literature, born 18 Rabīʿ II 1295/15 April 1878 in the village of Sāktarī in the emirate of Bukhara, a Russian protectorate.

• AYŌKĒN

  M. Shaki

  a Middle Persian legal term denoting the category of persons to whom descends the obligation of stūrīh (marriage by proxy or substitution).

• AYRARAT

  R. H. Hewsen

  region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.

• ĀYRĪMLŪ

  P. Oberling

  (in Persian often Āyromlū), Turkic tribe of western Azerbaijan.

• ĀYROM, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN KHAN

  M. Amanat

  army commander and the head of the police under Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-41).

• AYVĀN

  O. Grabar

  (palace, veranda, balcony, portico), a Persian word used also in Arabic (īwān, līwān) and Turkish.

• AYVĀN-E KESRĀ

  E. J. Keall

  Ayvān-e Kesrā has been described in Arabic and Persian sources and is the subject of a moving qaṣīda by the poet Ḵāqānī who visited its ruins in mid-6th/12th century. Once the most famous of all Sasanian monuments and a landmark in the history of architecture, it is now only an imposing brick ruin.

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• ʿAYYĀR

  Cl. Cahen, W. L. Hanaway, Jr.

  a noun meaning literally “vagabond,” applied to members of medieval fotowwa (fotūwa) brotherhoods and comparable popular organizations.

• ʿAYYĀŠĪ, ABU’L-NAŻR MOḤAMMAD

  I. K. Poonawala

  Imami jurist and scholar of the 3rd-4th/9th-10th centuries.

• AYYOHAʾL-WALAD

  I. Abbas

  a short treatise by Abū Ḥāmed Moḥammad Ḡazālī Ṭūsī (fl. 450-505/1058-1111), originally composed in Persian.

• AYYŪB KHAN, MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  B. AMĪR ŠĒR ʿALĪ KHAN. See MOḤAMMAD AYYŪB KHAN.

• AYYUBIDS

  R. S. Humphreys

  (Ar. Banū Ayyūb), a Kurdish family who first became prominent as members of the Zangid military establishment in Syria in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.

• ʿAYYŪQĪ

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  a poet of the fifth/eleventh century who versified the romance of Varqa o Golšāh.

• ĀZ

  J. P. Asmussen

  Iranian demon known from Zoroastrian, Zurvanite, and, especially, Manichean sources.

• ĀZĀD

  M. Bazin

  Zelkova crenata or Siberian elm, a tree of the Ulmaceae family, for which also other scientific names, such as Zelkova carpinifolia, Zelkova hyrcana, Planera crenata, and Planera Richardi, have been proposed.

• ĀZĀD (Iranian Nobility)

  M. L. Chaumont, C. Toumanoff

  (older ĀZĀT), a class of the Iranian nobility.

• ĀZĀD BELGRĀMĪ

  M. Siddiqi

  Major Indo-Muslim poet, biographer, and composer of chronograms, also known as Ḥassān-al-Hend (fl. 1116-1200/1704-86).

• ĀZĀD FĪRŪZ

  A. Tafażżolī

  governor of Bahrain and the surrounding area in the time of Ḵosrow (probably Ḵosrow II Parvēz).

• ĀZĀD KHAN AFḠĀN

  J. R. Perry

  (d. 1781), a major contender for supremacy in western Iran after the death of Nāder Shah Afšār (r. 1736-47).

• ĀZĀD TABRIZI

  J. T. P. de Bruijn

  physician, anthologist, and translator (b. Tehran, ca. 1854; d. Paris, 1936).

• ĀZĀD, ʿABD-AL-QADIR

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  ABD-AL-QADIR AZAD published a newspaper, which he named Āzād (liberal, free), in Mašhad. In the editorials of this newspaper he attacked the government, and criticized the authorities severely. His paper was eventually banned by the newly-formed government of Reżā Shah Pahlavi, and ʿAbd-al-Qadir, who had by now assumed the name “Āzād” after his newspaper, was himself imprisoned.

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• ĀZĀD, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN

  K. N. Pandita

  Scholar and writer in Urdu and Persian, born about 1834 in Delhi.

• ĀZĀDA

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  name of a Roman slave-girl of Bahrām Gōr.

• AZADARAN-E BAYAL

  MAHYAR ENTEZARI

  (ʿAzādārān-e Bayal; The mourners of Bayal, Tehran, 1964). The collection comprises eight interconnected stories, called Qeṣṣa. Sharing characters and not unlike a novel, they revolve around the inescapable horrors of death, disease, drought, and famine in a fictitious village named Bayal.

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• ʿAZĀDĀRĪ

  J. Calmard

  to hold a commemoration of the dead, by extension, mourning, a word deriving from Arabic ʿazāʾ, which means commemorating the dead.

• ĀZĀḎBEH B. BĀNEGĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  a dehqān (landowner) of Hamadān, marzbān (governor) in the former Lakhmid capital of Ḥīra in central Iraq during the years preceding the Arab conquest of that province.

• ĀZĀDĪ

  N. Parvīn

  (Freedom), the name of the several Persian journals.

• ĀZĀDĪSTĀN

  N. Parvīn

  the title of a Persian educational magazine which came out at Tabrīz in Jawzā, 1299/June-August, 1920.

• ĀZĀDSARV

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  Two bearers of this name are known.

• ĀZĀDVĀR

  C. E. Bosworth

  (or Āzaḏvār), a small town of Khorasan in the district (kūra, rostāq) of Jovayn, which flourished in medieval Islamic times, apparently down to the Il-khanid period.

• AŻĀʿELḴᵛĀNĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See MANĀQEB ḴᵛĀNĪ.

• AZAL

  J. van Ess

  Arabic theological term derived from Pahlavi a-sar “without head” and meaning, already in early Muʿtazilite kalām, “eternity a parte ante,” as opposite to abad, “eternity a parte post.”

• AZALI BABISM

  D. M. MacEoin

  designation of a religious faction which takes its name from Mīrzā Yaḥyā Nūrī Ṣobḥ-e Azal (about 1246-1330/1830-1912), considered by his followers to have been the legitimate successor to the Bāb.

• AʿẒAM KHAN

  ʿA. Ḥabībī

  the fifth son of Amir Dōst Moḥammad Khan and the third amir of the Moḥammadzay line, ruler of Afghanistan in 1284/1867-1285/1868.

• ĀŽANG

  N. Parvīn

  (Wrinkle), a Persian newspaper which commenced publication in Esfand, 1332 Š./February, 1954, and lasted until 1353 Š./1974.

• ĀZAR

  Cross-Reference

  father of Abraham. See EBRĀHĪM.

• ĀẔAR BĪGDELĪ

  J. Matīnī

  (ĀḎAR BĪGDELĪ), poet and author of a taḏkera (biographical anthology) of about 850 Persian poets, complied in 1174/1760.

• ĀẔAR KAYVĀN

  H. Corbin

  (ĀḎAR KAYVĀN;  d. between 1609 and 1618), a Zoroastrian high priest and native of Fārs who emigrated to India and became the founder of the Zoroastrian Ešrāqī or Illuminative School.

• ĀẔAR ḴORDĀD

  cross-reference

  See ĀDUR FARNBAG.

• AẔAR “fire”

  cross-reference

  See ĀDUR.

• ĀẔARBĀDAGĀN

  cross-reference

  See AZERBAIJAN.

• ĀẔARBĀY(E)JĀN

  cross-reference

  See AZERBAIJAN.

• ĀẔARBĀYJĀN JOURNAL

  N. Parvīn

  (ĀḎARBĀY[E]JĀN), the title of a satirical-political journal published at Tabrīz in 1907.

• ĀẔARĪ language

  cross-reference

  the ancient language of Azerbaijan. See AZERBAIJAN vii.

• ĀẔARĪ ṬŪSĪ

  A. ʿA. Rajāʾī

  (ĀḎARĪ ṬŪSĪ), NŪR-AL-DĪN (or FAḴR-AL-DĪN) ḤAMZA B. ʿALĪ MALEK ESFARĀYENĪ BAYHAQĪ, Shiʿite Sufi poet (fl. 1382-1462).

• ĀZARMĪGDUXT

  Ph. Gignoux

  Sasanian queen who according to Ṭabarī ruled for a few months in 630.

• ĀẔARŠAHR

  ʿA. ʿA. Kārang

  (or DEHḴᵛĀRAQĀN; in the local Azeri Turkish: Toḵargān), a town and a district (baḵš) of the šahrestān of Tabrīz.

• AŽDAHĀ

  P. O. Skjærvø, Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh, J. R. Russell

  “dragon,” various kinds of snake-like, mostly gigantic, monsters living in the air, on earth, or in the sea (also designated by other terms) sometimes connected with natural phenomena, especially rain and eclipses.

• AZDĀKARA

  M. Dandamayev

  (from Old Persian azdā- “announcement” and kara- “maker”), officials of the Achaemenid chancery, the heralds, who made known, for example, the government edicts, court sentences.

• AZDI, ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR

  G. R. Hawting

  b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān, a governor of Khorasan who came into conflict with the caliph al-Manṣur, executed, probably in 142/759-60.

• AZDĪ, MOḤAMMAD

  G. R. Hawting

  B. RAWWĀD, a notable of Azerbaijan at the beginning of the 3rd/9th century, known mainly in connection with the revolt of Bābak, the leader of the Ḵorrami movement.

• AZERBAIJAN

  Multiple Authors

  (Āḏarbāy[e]jān), historical region of northwestern Iran, east of Lake Urmia, since the Achaemenid era.

• AZERBAIJAN i. Geography

  X. de Planhol

  characterized by volcanic constructions—along the “volcanic cicatrix” that follows the internal ridge of the Zagros and marks its contact with the central Iranian plateau. 

• AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History

  K. Schippmann

  the northwestern province of Azerbaijan can look back on a long history. For the earliest periods, however, archeological research has barely begun.

• AZERBAIJAN iv. Islamic History to 1941

  C. E. Bosworth

  Background. Azerbaijan formed a separate province of the early Islamic caliphate, but its precise borders varied in different periods.

• AZERBAIJAN v. History from 1941 to 1947

  B. Kuniholm

  Upon entering Iran, the Soviets dismantled frontier and customs posts between Iran and the USSR, and set up military posts on the southern border of the Soviet occupied zone. The de facto result was extension of the Soviet frontier into Iran.

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• AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture

  R. Tapper

  tribalism is no longer of great social relevance for most Azerbaijanis, but most have a recent history of tribal allegiances, whether Turkish or Kurdish.

• AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan

  E. Yarshater

  Āḏarī (Ar. al-āḏarīya) was the Iranian language of Azerbaijan before the spread of the Turkish language, commonly called Azeri, in the region.

• AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish

  G. Doerfer

  Oghuz languages were earlier grouped into Turkish (of Turkey), Azeri, and Turkmen, but recent research has modified this simple picture.

• AZERBAIJAN ii. Archeology

  W. Kleiss

  comprises the two Iranian provinces of West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan, with administrative centers at Urmia (before 1979 Reżāʾīya) and Tabrīz respectively; it does not include “Northern Azerbaijan,” centered on Baku, which since 1829 has belonged to the Russian empire.

• AZERBAIJAN ix. Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish

  L. Johanson

  perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Iranian has exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax and vocabulary, less in morphology.

• AZERBAIJAN x. Azeri Turkish Literature

  H. Javadi and K. Burrill

  Due to bilingualism among the educated Turkic-speaking people of the area the use of Azeri prose was widespread until the reign of Reżā Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925-41).

• AZERBAIJAN xi. Music of Azerbaijan

  J. During

  Iranian elements in the development of the Azeri tradition were numerous, as is shown by modern terminology (čahār meżrāb, bardāšt), as well as by certain pieces in the repertoire.

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• AZERBAIJAN xii. MONUMENTS

  Wolfram Kleiss

  The Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan, both West and East, possess a large number of monuments from all periods of history.

• AZES

  D. W. Mac Dowell

  the name of two Indo-Scythian kings of the major dynasty ruling an empire based on the Punjab and Indus valley from about 50 BCE to CE 30.

• AẒFARĪ GŪRGĀNĪ

  M. Baqir

  18th-century Indo-Persian poet and lexicographer.

• AZHAR-E ḴAR

  L. P. Smirnova

  “Azhar the ass,” nickname of AZHAR B. YAḤYĀ B. ZOHAYR B. FARQAD, third cousin and military commander of the Saffarid amirs Yaʿqūb and ʿAmr b. Layṯ.

• AŽI

  Cross-Reference

  (DAHĀKA). See AŽDAHĀ.

• AZILISES

  D. W. MacDowall

  Indo-Scythian king of the dynasty of Azes in the Indus valley about the beginning of the Christian era.  

• ʿAẒĪM NAVĀZ KHAN BAHĀDOR

  M. Baqir

  author of a Sunni account in Persian of the martyrdom of Imam Ḥosayn and superintendent of the compilation of a political and natural history of the Carnatic and of India in general. (fl. 1859).

• ʿAẒĪMĀBĀD

  Q. Ahmad

  (Patna), ancient Pataliputra, present capital of Bihar state in northeast India.

• ĀZĪN JOŠNAS

  A. Tafażżolī

  (ĀḎĪN JOŠNAS), a military commander of the Sasanian Hormazd IV (r. 579-90), killed in Hamadān on his way to fight the rebellious general Bahrām Čōbin.

• ĀŽĪR

  N. Parvīn

  “Alarm bell,” a radical leftist Persian newspaper, printed at Tehran, May 1943 to June, 1945.

• AZIŠMĀND

  M. Shaki

  “obstructed or hampered justice," one of the few Middle Persian exclusively legal terms.

• ʿAZĪZ KHAN MOKRĪ

  J. Calmard

  SARDĀR-E KOLL (1792-1871), an army chief and dignitary of Qajar Iran.

• ʿAZĪZ NASAFĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See NASAFĪ, ʿAZĪZ.

• ʿAZĪZ-AL-DĪN, MOSTAWFĪ

  Cross-Reference

  See ABŪ NAṢR MOSTAWFĪ.

• ʿAZĪZ-AL-MOLK

  Cross-Reference

  See ʿALĪ EBRĀHĪM KHAN.

• ʿAZĪZ-AL-SOLṬĀN

  A. Amanat

  (1879-1940), better known as Malījak(-e) Ṯānī [II], the boy favorite of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qājār. 

• ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA ŠĪRZĀD

  Cross-Reference

  See ŠĪRZĀD.

• ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, ABŪ ŠOJĀʾ FANNĀ ḴOSROW

  Ch. Bürgel and R. Mottahedeh

  (936-83), the greatest Buyid monarch and the most powerful ruler in the Islamic East in the last years of his life. 

• ʿAŻOD-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN-AḤMAD MIRZĀ

  Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajar

  (1824-1902), son of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah, Qajar dignitary, and author of the Tāriḵ-e ʿażodi.

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• ʿAŻOD-AL-DĪN ĪJĪ

  J. van Ess

  famous Shafeʿite jurist and Asḥʿarite theologian.

• ʿAŻOD-AL-MOLK, ʿALĪ REŻĀ KHAN

  Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

  during the Tobacco protest of 1891-92, ʿone of the chief mediators between the shah and the ʿolamāʾ of Tehran; regent of Iran in 1909-10.

• ʿAŻOD-AL-MOLK, MOḤAMMAD ḤOSAYN

  Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

  (d. 1867), a senior official in the first part of Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah Qājār’s reign. 

• AZRAQĪ HERAVĪ

  Dj. Khaleghi Motlagh

  the pen-name of Abū Bakr b. Esmāʿīl Warrāq of Herat, a Persian poet of the 5th/11th century.

• ĀZŪITI-

  M. Boyce

  an Avestan word meaning “oblation of fat,” also a divine being representing Fatness or Plenty.

• Abbās Khāni - Navā

  music sample

• Abu ‘Atā

  music sample

• Afšāri

  music sample

• Agar ān tork-e Širāzi

  music sample

• Alimardan Khān

  music sample

• Amiri-e kutāh o boland o Ṭālebā

  music sample

• Āqor haley

  music sample

• ‘Āref – Namidānam

  music sample

• Armenian Šuštari

  music sample

• ʿĀŠEQ JONUN

  music sample

• Āvāz-e Dašti

  music sample