Table of Contents

• ĀYENAHĀ-YE DARDĀR

  Mohammad Mehdi Khorrami

  (Mirrors with cover doors, Tehran, 1992), one of the last major works by Hushang Golshiri.

• AYMĀQ

  A. Janata

  (Turk. Oymaq), a term designating tribal peoples in Khorasan and Afghanistan, mostly semi-nomadic or semi-sedentary, in contrast to the fully sedentary, non-tribal population of the area.

• ʿAYN-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD

  J. Calmard

  ATĀBAK-E AʿẒAM (1845-1926) son of Solṭān Aḥmad Mīrzā ʿAżod-al-dawla, Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah’s forty-eighth son and a prominent political figure of Moẓaffar-al-dīn Shah’s reign (1896-1907).

• ʿAYN-AL-QOŻĀT HAMADĀNĪ

  G. Böwering

  (492/1098-526/1131), brilliant mystic philosopher and Sufi martyr.

• AYNALLŪ

  P. Oberling

  (or ĪNALLŪ, ĪNĀLŪ, ĪMĀNLŪ), a tribe of Ḡozz Turkic origin inhabiting Azerbaijan, central Iran and Fārs.

• ʿAYNI, KAMĀL

  Habib Borjian

  Tajik literary critic. Born with the birth name Kamāl-al-Din, and received his early education at home in burgeoning Soviet Russian schools

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• ʿAYNĪ, ṢADR-AL-DĪN

  K. Hitchins

  (1878-1954), poet, novelist, and the leading figure of Soviet Tajik literature, born 18 Rabīʿ II 1295/15 April 1878 in the village of Sāktarī in the emirate of Bukhara, a Russian protectorate.

• AYŌKĒN

  M. Shaki

  a Middle Persian legal term denoting the category of persons to whom descends the obligation of stūrīh (marriage by proxy or substitution).

• AYRARAT

  R. H. Hewsen

  region of central Armenia in the broad plain of the upper Araxes.

• ĀYRĪMLŪ

  P. Oberling

  (in Persian often Āyromlū), Turkic tribe of western Azerbaijan.

• ĀYROM, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN KHAN

  M. Amanat

  army commander and the head of the police under Reżā Shah (r. 1304-20 Š./1925-41).

• AYVĀN

  O. Grabar

  (palace, veranda, balcony, portico), a Persian word used also in Arabic (īwān, līwān) and Turkish.

• AYVĀN-E KESRĀ

  E. J. Keall

  (or ṬĀQ-E KESRĀ) the Palace of Ḵosrow at Ctesiphon, the most famous of all Sasanian monuments and a landmark in the history of architecture, now only an imposing brick ruin.

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• ʿAYYĀR

  Cl. Cahen, W. L. Hanaway, Jr.

  a noun meaning literally “vagabond,” applied to members of medieval fotowwa (fotūwa) brotherhoods and comparable popular organizations.

• ʿAYYĀŠĪ, ABU’L-NAŻR MOḤAMMAD

  I. K. Poonawala

  Imami jurist and scholar of the 3rd-4th/9th-10th centuries.

• AYYOHAʾL-WALAD

  I. Abbas

  a short treatise by Abū Ḥāmed Moḥammad Ḡazālī Ṭūsī (fl. 450-505/1058-1111), originally composed in Persian.

• AYYŪB KHAN, MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  B. AMĪR ŠĒR ʿALĪ KHAN. See MOḤAMMAD AYYŪB KHAN.

• AYYUBIDS

  R. S. Humphreys

  (Ar. Banū Ayyūb), a Kurdish family who first became prominent as members of the Zangid military establishment in Syria in the mid-sixth/twelfth century.

• ʿAYYŪQĪ

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  a poet of the fifth/eleventh century who versified the romance of Varqa o Golšāh.

• ĀZ

  J. P. Asmussen

  Iranian demon known from Zoroastrian, Zurvanite, and, especially, Manichean sources.