Table of Contents
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ʿAWĀREŻ
W. Floor
term used since 4th/10th century to denote extraordinary imposts of various kinds, the nature of which differed per area and historic period.
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ʿAWFĪ, SADĪD-AL-DĪN
J. Matīnī
an important Persian writer of the late 6th/12th and early 7th/13th centuries.
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AWḤAD-AL-DĪN KERMĀNĪ
Z. Safa
a famous mystic of the 6th/12th century.
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AWḤADĪ MARĀḠAʾĪ
Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh
(born ca. 673/1274-75 in Marāḡa and died there in 738/1338), a poet who flourished in the reign of Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan (r. 716/1316-736/1335).
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AWLĪĀʾ
H. Algar
a term commonly translated in European languages as “saints” or the equivalent.
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AWLĪĀʾALLĀH ĀMOLĪ
W. Madelung
the author of the history of Rūyān, Tārīḵ-e Rūyān, written about 760/1359.
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AWQĀF
Cross-Reference
See WAQF (pending).
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AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY
Cross-Reference
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AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-RAZZĀQ
Cross-Reference
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AWRANGĀBĀDĪ, SHAH NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN
M. L. Siddiqui
the celebrated Češtī saint said to be a descendant of Abū Bakr, the first caliph, in the line of Šehāb-al-dīn Sohravardī.
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AWRANGZĒB
Cross-Reference
See Supplement.
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AWRŌMĀN
Cross-Reference
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AWṢĀF AL-AŠRĀF
G. M. Wickens
a short mystical-ethical work in Persian by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī, written late in life, ca. 670/1271-72.
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AWTĀD
Cross-Reference
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AXSE
M. L. Chaumont
name of a Parthian hostage in Rome, inscribed in the dedication of an epitaph engraved on a marble plaque and discovered at the Forum Boarium in Rome.
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ĀXŠTI
B. Schlerath
(Avestan) “Peace, contract of peace.”
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AXT
M. F. Kanga
a sorcerer and, according to Zoroastrian tradition, a vehement, early opponent of the Religion.
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AXTAR
W. Eilers
(Middle and New Persian) “star” or “constellation.”
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AXTARMĀR
A. Tafażżolī
“astronomer.” The astronomers were included in the category of the third of the four Sasanian social classes, i.e., the class of the scribes, together with the physicians and poets.
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ĀXWARR
W. Eilers
Middle Persian term for “manger” or “stall” borrowed into Armenian as axoṙ.