Table of Contents

• ĀŠPAZĪ

  B. Fragner

  "cooking." The history of food consumption in Iran is primarily part of the history of agriculture and stockbreeding on the Iranian plateau.

• ASPBED

  M. L. Chaumont

  “master of horses, chief of cavalry,” Parthian title attested in the Nisa documents and the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba-ye Zardošt.

• ASPET

  C. Toumanoff

  Armenian title.

• ʿAṢR-E ENQELĀB

  N. Parvīn

  a journal of news and political comment published at Tehran in 1333-1915.

• ʿAṢR-E JADĪD

  N. Parvīn

  (New era), the name of several journals and a magazine published in Iran at various times.

• ĀŠRAF GĪLĀNĪ

  M. Rahman

  (1870-1934), poet and leading journalist of the Constitutional era.

• ĀŠRAF ḠILZAY

  D. Balland

  the Afghan chief who ruled as Shah over part of Iran from 1137/1725 to 1142/1729.

• ĀŠRAF

  Cross-Reference

  town in Māzandarān. See BEHŠAHR.

• ĀŠRAF-ʿALĪ KHAN FOḠĀN

  M. Baqir

  (or FEḠĀN), poet writing in Persian and Urdu (1140-86/1727-72).

• ĀŠRAFI

  B. Fragner

  term used from the mid-15th century for a gold coin first minted in Mamluk Egypt in 810/1407-08.