Table of Contents
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ʿAQL-E SORḴ
H. Corbin
“The Crimsoned Archangel” (lit., “The Red Intellect”), one of the visionary recitals or treatises on spiritual initiation of Sohravardī (d. 1191)
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ĀQSŪ (1)
R. E. Emmerick
town in eastern Turkestan, modern Chinese Sinkiang, about six km to the north of the river Āqsū. It lies on the caravan route between Maralbāšī and Kučā.
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ĀQSŪ (2)
C. Naumann
a river in the Āmū Daryā system. The upper course, called the Morḡāb in the Soviet Union, finds its source in the Little Pamir, the eastern part of Afghanistan’s Waḵān-Pāmīr mountains.
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ARA THE BEAUTIFUL
J. R. Russell
son of Aram, mythical king of Armenia.
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ĀRĀʾ WA’L-DĪĀNĀT
J. van Ess
doxographical work, famous especially for its information about non-Islamic religions and Greek philosophy, written by Ḥasan b. Mūsā al-Nawbaḵtī (d. between 300/912 and 310/922).
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ʿARAB
Multiple Authors
As two of the most prominent ethnic elements in the Middle East, Arabs and Iranians have been in contact with each other, and at times have had their fortunes intertwined, for some three millennia.
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ʿARAB i. Arabs and Iran in the pre-Islamic period
C. E. Bosworth
Centuries of contacts between the Arabs and Persians should have left behind some legacy in the fields of thought and culture, but such a legacy is not easy to quantify or to evaluate.
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ʿARAB ii. Arab conquest of Iran
M. Morony
During the first two centuries of the Muslim era (7th-8th centuries A.D.) the Sasanian state and much of the east Iranian region in Central Asia were conquered by the mostly Arab armies of the early Islamic state.
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ʿARAB iii. Arab settlements in Iran
E. L. Daniel
Arab settlements were critical in making the effects of the conquest long term, rather than transitory, and in facilitating the symbiosis of Iranian and Arab cultures within a mutual Islamic context.
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ʿARAB iv. Arab tribes of Iran
P. Oberling and B. Hourcade
Estimates of the Arabic-speaking population of Iran range from 200,000 (1957) to 650,000 (1960). In present-day Iran there are still many families and tribes whose Arab origin can be traced.
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ʿARAB v. Arab-Iranian relations in modern times
R. K. Ramazani
The military coup of Reżā Khan (1921) and his accession to the throne (1925) resulted in sufficient governmental capacity to conduct foreign affairs effectively. Reżā Shah’s good-neighbor policy addressed three major problems with Iraq.
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ʿARAB MĪŠMAST
P. Oberling
an Arab tribe of Fārs, Tehran, and Khorasan.
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ʿARAB MOḤAMMAD B. ḤĀJJĪ
G. L. Penrose
khan of Ḵīva 1013-32/1602-23 (?).
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ARAB-SASANIAN COINS
M. Bates
Arab-Sasanian is a term applied to several different coinages of early Islamic Iran which were issued under Arab authority using the design and inscriptions of the preceding Sasanian coinage.
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ʿARABESTĀN
Cross-Reference
See ḴŪZESTĀN.
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ARABIA
Multiple Authors
i. The Achaemenid province Arabāya. ii. The Sasanians and Arabia.
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ARABIA i. THE ACHAEMENID PROVINCE ARABĀYA
M. Dandamayev
In the Bīsotūn and other Old Persian inscriptions that list provinces of the Achaemenid empire in a geographical sequence, Arabāya is placed after Babylonia and Assyria (i.e., Syria) and before Egypt.
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ARABIA ii. The Sasanians and Arabia
Daniel T. Potts
Within a few years after the commencement of Ardašir I’s (r. ca. 224-242) program of conquest, the Sasanians undertook military engagements in both northeastern Arabia and Oman.
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ARABIAN NIGHTS
Cross-Reference
See ALF LAYLA WA LAYLA.
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ARABIAN SEA
Cross-Reference
See OMAN, SEA OF.