Table of Contents

  • ARSANJĀNĪ, ḤASAN

    F. Azimi

    journalist and politician (1922-69).

  • ARSEN, KOCOYTỊ

    F. Thordarson

    Ossetic author (1872-1944).

  • ARSES

    P. LeCoq

    Greek rendering of an Old Persian name, used as a hypocoristic.

  • ARSITES

    A. SH. Shahbazi

    Greek rendering of an Old Persian name.

  • ARSLĀN B. ṬOḠREL

    Cross-Reference

    See SALJUQS OF IRAQ (pending).

  • ARSLĀN KHAN MOḤAMMAD

    Cross-Reference

    See ILAK-KHANIDS.

  • ARSLĀNŠĀH

    C. E. Bosworth

    Ghaznavid sultan (r. 509-11/1116-18).

  • ARSLĀNŠĀH B. KERMĀNŠĀH

    Cross-Reference

    See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

  • ARSLĀNŠAH B. TOḠRELŠĀH

    Cross-Reference

    See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

  • ARŠTĀT

    Cross-Reference

    See AŠTĀD.

  • ART IN IRAN

    Multiple Authors

    The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

  • ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

    E. Porada

    An important element of the art of Iran is the presence of composite beings. One type, here called demon, is a combination of man and animal walking on two legs. An example is the demon with the head of a mountain goat or a moufflon.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture

    P. Calmeyer

    We know that Medes were mentioned in neo Assyrian annals from the year 836 B.C. onwards; as late as in King Esarhaddon’s vassal treaties (672 B.C.) they are represented by petty princes: central kingship had not yet been established, the foundation of which was later ascribed to the legendary judge, Deïokes.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture

    P. Calmeyer

    No work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great. Only a cylinder seal, now lost, but several times used on later bullae at Persepolis, can possibly have belonged to an older member of the family.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN iv. PARTHIAN Art

    S. B. Downey

    monuments generally included in discussions of Parthian art come from the periphery of the Parthian world—Syria, Mesopotamia, the edges of the Iranian plateau.

  • ART IN IRAN v. SASANIAN ART

    P. O. Harper

    There are major remains of many different types: monumental rock reliefs, silver vessels, stucco architectural decoration, and seals.

  • ART IN IRAN vi. PRE-ISLAMIC EASTERN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA

    G. Azarpay

    Monumental works of art of the pre-Islamic age are there evidenced only from the early medieval period that corresponds with the Parthian and Sasanian dynasties in Iran.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN vii. ISLAMIC PRE-SAFAVID

    P. Soucek

    Of especial importance for the development of art in Islamic Iran was the cultural and artistic legacy of the immediate past.

  • ART IN IRAN viii. ISLAMIC CENTRAL ASIA

    G. A. Pugachenkova

    Under Islam the sculpture and mural painting previously displayed in Central Asia almost completely disappeared, and ornament took pride of place.

  • ART IN IRAN ix. SAFAVID To Qajar Periods

    A. Welch

    The arts of the Safavid period show a far more unitary development than in any other period of Iranian art. 

  • ART IN IRAN x.1 Art and Architecture of the Qajar Period

    J. M. Scarce

    Qajar art is characterized by an exuberant style and flamboyant use of color, which became more emphatic as the 19th century progressed; here Persian art may be compared with developments in 19th-century Europe.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN x.2 Qajar Painting

    B. W. Robinson

    The unsettled political situation following the death of Karīm Khan left little opportunity for schools of painting to flourish and develop. But even before their rise to supreme power the Qajars had captured the services of at least one painter who set a high standard for the first generation of their rule.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ART IN IRAN xi. POST-QAJAR

    K. Emāmī

    About the mid-1950s, Iranian modernists started to receive official encouragement via the Department General of Fine Arts (later to become the Ministry of Arts and Culture).

  • ART IN IRAN xii. IRANIAN PRE-ISLAMIC ELEMENTS IN ISLAMIC ART

    Maria Vittoria Fontana

    Iranian pre-Islamic elements contributed to the formation and development of Islamic art, and they can be easily recognized in various contexts.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.
  • ARTA

    Cross-Reference

    See ARDWAHIŠT and AŠA.

  • ARTABANUS (Arsacid kings)

    K. Schippmann

    name borne by several Arsacid kings.

  • ARTABANUS (Old Persian proper name)

    M. A. Dandamayev

    Latinized form of an Old Persian proper name.

  • ARTABAZANES

    C. J. Brunner

    autonomous ruler of Armenia who submitted to the Seleucid king Antiochus III in 220 B.C., when the latter invaded his country.

  • ARTABAZUS

    M. A. Dandamayev

    Old Iranian personal name.

  • ARTABĒ

    M. A. Dandamayev

    the Greek form of a Median and Old Persian measure of volume.

  • ARTACHAIĒS

    A. Sh. Shahbazi

    Greek rendering of an Old Iranian name.

  • ARTAḪŠAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ARTOXARES.

  • ARTAMANIA

    M. Mayrhofer

    prince of Zi-ri-ba-ša-ni, who wrote a letter of devotion to the pharaoh of Egypt.

  • ARTAPHRENĒS

    P. Lecoq

    name given by Herodotus for the son of Hystaspes and brother of Darius I, and of various other Persians in Greek literature.

  • ARTAŠŠUMARA

    M. Mayrhofer

    a Mitannian king.

  • ARTASYRAS

    M. A. Dandamayev

    Old Iranian name *Ṛta-sūra “powerful through Arta”.

  • ARTATĀMA

    M. Mayrhofer

    king of Mitanni.

  • ARTAVARDIYA

    M. A. Dandamayev

    Old Persian personal name, meaning “doer of Justice.”

  • ARTAVASDES

    R. Schmitt

    Old Iranian male personal name.

  • ARTAXATA

    R. H. Hewsen

    a city of ancient Armenia founded ca. 176 B.C. by King Artaxias I.A

  • ARTAXERXES

    R. Schmitt

    throne name of several Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty.

  • ARTAXERXES I

    R. Schmitt

    a son of Xerxes I and Amestris.

  • ARTAXERXES II

    R. Schmitt

    Achaemenid Great King whose personal name is given as Arsaces.

  • ARTAXERXES III

    R. Schmitt

    throne name of Ochus, Achaemenid king (r. 359-58 to 338-37 B.C.).

  • ARTAXIAS I

    J. Russell

    reigned 189-160 B.C., founder of the Artaxiad dynasty in Greater Armenia.

  • ARTAZOSTRE

    J. Kellens

    a daughter of Darius the Great.

  • ARTEMBARĒS

    M. A. Dandamayev

    Old Iranian proper name * Ṛtam-para-, meaning “who encourages the order.”

  • ARTEMISIA

    Rüdiger Schmitt

    queen of the Achaemenid province of Caria.

  • ARTEMITA IN APOLLONIATIS

    M. L. Chaumont

    city of the Parthian period in eastern Iraq.

  • ARTĒŠTĀR

    W. Sundermann

    a learned calque on and translation of the Avestan raθaēštā.