Table of Contents

• ARMENIA AND IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  series of articles that covers Irano-Armenian relations in pre-modern times. 

• ARMENIA and IRAN i. Armina, Achaemenid province

  R. Schmitt

  a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid empire; the inhabitants are called Arminiya- “Armenian.” 

• ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period

  M. L. Chaumont

  under Darius and Xerxes had much narrower boundaries than the future Armenia of the Artaxiads and the Arsacids.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian Religion

  J. R. Russell

  In the formative period the Armenians appear to have absorbed Hurrian, Hittite, and Urartian elements in their religious beliefs. Iran, however, was to be the dominant influence in Armenian spiritual culture.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language

  R. Schmitt, H. W. Bailey

  attested in written sources since the 5th century A.D. and characterized from the very beginning of the literary documentation by a large number of Iranian loanwords.

• ARMENIA and IRAN v. Accounts of Iran in Armenian sources

  M. Van Esbroeck

  Since Armenian writing itself begins only around 430, almost forty years after the disappearance of the Armenian Arsacid empire, the historians who write of Arsacid or earlier events belong to a later era.

• ARMENIA AND IRAN vi. Armeno-Iranian relations in the Islamic period

  H. Papazian

  expansion of Islam in Iran caused a big rift between Armenia, already converted to Christianity, and Iran.

• Armenians in India

  Cross-Reference

  See JULFA v. Armenians in India.

• ARMENIANS OF MODERN IRAN

  A. Amurian and M. Kasheff

  Armenians can be found in almost every major city of Iran.

• ARMENO-IRANIAN RELATIONS in the pre-Islamic period

  Nina Garsoian

  appearance of Armenian literature in the second half of the fifth century CE, in the generation which followed the great revolt of the Armenian nobles in 450 against Yazdgird II’s attempt to re-impose Zoroastrianism on their already Christian country, resulted in its almost total obliteration of Armenia’s ties to the Iranian world.

• ARMIN

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  the fourth son of Kay Qobād in certain texts of the Šāh-nāma.

• ARMINA

  Cross-Reference

  See ARMENIA AND IRAN i.

• ARMOR

  J. W. Allan

  The earliest armor fragments yet found in Iran come from the western part of the country and date from the late 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARMOR ii. In Eastern Iran

  Boris A. Litvinsky

  By the 6th, or even 7th, century BCE, the Scythian and Northern Caucasian nomads had formed a complete complex of defensive armor.

• ARMY

  Multiple Authors

  a survey from early pre-Islamic times to the mid-20th century.

• ARMY i. Pre-Islamic Iran

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  materials for a study of pre-Islamic Iranian military concerns fall into four categories: textual evidence; archeological finds; documentary representations (on monuments and objects of art); and philological deductions. 

• ARMY ii. Islamic, to the Mongol period

  C. E. Bosworth

  Arab armies which overran Sasanian Iraq and Iran in the middle decades of the 7th century A.D. comprised essentially the levée en masse of the male, free Muslim Arab cavalrymen.

• ARMY iii. Safavid Period

  M. Haneda

  Shah Esmaʿil's army was comprised of tribal units, the majority of which were Turkmen, the remainder Kurds and Čaḡatāy.

• ARMY iv a. Qajar Period

  Stephanie Cronin

  at the end of the 18th century, the military forces of the first Qajar ruler Āḡā Moḥammad Khan (r. 1789-97) resembled those of preceding dynasties.

• ARMY iv. Afšar and Zand Periods

  J. R. Perry

  The composition of the army, its role in the state, and its effectiveness changed appreciably from late Safavid to early Qajar times. 

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARMY v. Pahlavi Period

  M. J. Sheikh-ol-Islami

  the achievement of Reżā Khan in building a modern military force is noteworthy, though the absence of an earlier development of military norms and institutions should not be exaggerated.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARMY vi. In Afghanistan from 1919

  L. Dupree

  Using Turkish advisers, Amānallāh Khan (r. 1919-29)  unsuccessfully tried to create a nationalist-oriented army.

• ARNAVĀZ

  A. Sh. Shahbazi

  one of the mythical king Jamšēd’s sisters.

• ARNOLD, THOMAS WALKER

  B. W. Robinson

  , Sir (1864-1930), British orientalist.

• ARPA KHAN

  P. Jackson

  10th Il-khan of Iran (r. 736/1335-36).

• ARRAJĀN

  H. Gaube

  medieval city and province in southwestern Iran between Ḵūzestān and Fārs.

• ARRĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  a region of eastern Transcaucasia.

• ARRIAN

  M. L. Chaumont

  Greek historian (2nd cent. A.D.).

• ARROWS in Eastern Iran

  Boris A. Litvinsky

  came in use along with the bow, and the two developed in parallel. In the Bronze Age in eastern Iran, metal arrowheads of bronze were widespread, while skillfully made stone arrowheads, inherited from the earlier period, remained in use. 

• ARSACIDS

  A. Sh. Shahbazi, K. Schippmann, M. Alram, M. Boyce, A. Sh. Shahbazi, A. Sh. Shahbazi, C. Toumanoff

   (Persian Aškānīān), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from ca. 250 B.C. to ca. 226 A.D.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARSACIDS viii. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE OF PARTHIA

  Krzysztof Jakubiak

  In the western parts of the Parthian empire, i.e., in the Mesopotamian plain, military and defensive systems and fortifications developed under a clearly strong influence of earlier civilizations in the region.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ARŠAK

  Cross-Reference

  See ARSACIDS.

• ARŠĀMA

  E. Bresciani

  name of several Achaemenid notables.

• ARSAMES

  Cross-Reference

  See ARŠĀMA.

• ARSANES

  Cross-Reference

  See NARSE.

• ARSANJĀN

  C. E. Bosworth

  a small town in Fārs on the northeastern fringes of the Zagros mountain massif.  

• ARSANJĀNĪ, ḤASAN

  F. Azimi

  journalist and politician (1922-69).

• ARSEN, KOCOYTỊ

  F. Thordarson

  Ossetic author (1872-1944).

• ARSES

  P. LeCoq

  Greek rendering of an Old Persian name, used as a hypocoristic.

• ARSITES

  A. SH. Shahbazi

  Greek rendering of an Old Persian name.

• ARSLĀN B. ṬOḠREL

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF IRAQ.

• ARSLĀN KHAN MOḤAMMAD

  Cross-Reference

  See ILAK-KHANIDS.

• ARSLĀNŠĀH

  C. E. Bosworth

  Ghaznavid sultan (r. 509-11/1116-18).

• ARSLĀNŠĀH B. KERMĀNŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

• ARSLĀNŠAH B. TOḠRELŠĀH

  Cross-Reference

  See SALJUQS OF KERMĀN.

• ARŠTĀT

  Cross-Reference

  See AŠTĀD.

• ART IN IRAN

  Multiple Authors

  The history of art in Iran and Iranian lands.

• ART IN IRAN i. NEOLITHIC TO MEDIAN

  E. Porada

  Topographically Iran is a varied country and its art is regionally diversified. This variation in the artistic products from different areas of the country sets off the art of Iran as a whole

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN ii. Median Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  To speak of Median art means, first of all, mentioning the huge gaps in our knowledge of Median history.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.

• ART IN IRAN iii. Achaemenid Art and Architecture

  P. Calmeyer

  no work of architecture or art can be attributed with certainty to an Achaemenid earlier than Cyrus the Great.

  This Article Has Images/Tables.