Table of Contents

  • ANGLO-AFGHAN WARS

    J. A. Norris, L. W. Adamec

    First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42), Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80),  Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919).

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN AGREEMENT

    Cross-Reference

    See ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT.

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS

    Multiple Authors

    This series of articles covers relations between England and Iran from the Safavid to the Pahlavi periods. 

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS i. Safavid to Zand Periods

    R. W. Ferrier

    English interest in Persia during this period is almost exclusively concerned with trade and has almost nothing to do with political relations. Relations arose as the result of a failure to trade eastwards through Russia and Central Asia in the mid-16th century by merchants of the Russia Company, which, though formed in London on 26 February 1555, had already dispatched their first voyage of three ships by the northeastern route round Russia on 18 May 1553.

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS ii. Qajar period

    F. Kazemzadeh

    Before the 19th century Anglo-Iranian relations were sporadic. Periods of engagement alternated with decades of disengagement. After the death of Karīm Khan Zand (1193/1779) contacts between Britain and Iran diminished and were maintained with regularity only in the Persian Gulf as the center of government authority moved north.

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN RELATIONS iii. Pahlavi period

    R. W. Ferrier

    For most of the 20th century relations have been dominated politically by the modernization and revival of Iran under the stimulus of Reżā Shah and his son and successor Moḥammad Reżā Shah, strategically by Iran’s proximity to the Soviet Union, and economically by Iranian oil.

  • ANGLO-IRANIAN WAR

    Cross-Reference

    See ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR.

  • ANGLO-PERSIAN AGREEMENT OF 1919

    N. S. Fatemi

    provisional agreement made between the British and the Persian governments which, if ratified, would have granted the British a paramount position of control over the financial and military affairs of Iran. 

  • ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL COMPANY

    F. Kazemi

    (ŠERKAT-E NAFT-E ENGELĪS O IRAN), a British company formed to extract and market oil in the oil fields of southwestern Iran.  

  • ANGLO-PERSIAN WAR (1856-57)

    J. Calmard

    Following their defeat in the Russo-Persian wars of 1219-28/1804-13 and 1242-44/1826-28, the Qajars, tried to compensate for their losses by reasserting Persia’s control over western Afghanistan.

  • ANGLO-RUSSIAN AGREEMENT OF 1873

    J. A. Norris

    an attempt by the Foreign Offices of London and St. Petersburg to define the northern boundary of Afghanistan.

  • ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907

    F. Kazemzadeh

    an agreement relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.

  • ANGRA MAINYU

    Cross-Reference

    See AHRIMAN.

  • AṄGULIMĀLĪYA-SŪTRA

    R. E. Emmerick

    a Buddhist text concerning the conversion to Buddhism of a robber called Aṅgulimāla.

  • ANGŪR

    M. Bazin, X. de Planhol, W. L. Hanaway, Jr

    "grapes."   The grape-vine is probably the oldest and best known of the cultivated fruit plants grown in Iran.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • ANHALT CARPET

    M. H. Beattie

    a medallion rug possibly made in Tabrīz.

    This Article Has Images/Tables.

  • ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

    Cross-Reference

    See DĀM DĀRĪ. 

  • ANĪRĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See ANĒRĀN.

  • ANĪS

    L. Pourhadi

    a daily Kabul newspaper, in Darī (Persian), with some articles in Pashto.  

  • ANĪS AL-ʿOŠŠĀQ

    G. M. Wickens

    a small handbook of the imagery traditionally used in Persian love poetry, by Ḥasan b. Moḥammad Šaraf-al-din Rāmi (sometimes Zāmi), d. 795/1393.