Table of Contents
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ALMOND
Cross-Reference
See BĀDĀM.
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ALP ARSLĀN
K. A. Luther
Saljuq sultan from 455/1063 to 465/1072.
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ALPTIGIN
C. E. Bosworth
Turkish military slave commander of the Samanids and founder of Turkish power in eastern Afghanistan (d. 352/963).
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ALQĀB VA ʿANĀWĪN
A. Ašraf
titles and forms of address, employed in Iran from pre-Islamic times.
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ALQĀS MĪRZA
C. Fleischer
second of Shah Esmāʿīl’s four surviving sons (1516-1550) and leader of a revolt.
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ALTAIC
K. H. Menges
The Altaic peoples and languages are distributed around 45° north latitude, from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean.
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ALTHEN, JEAN-BAPTISTE JOANNIS
S. Schuster-Walser
(1709-74), who introduced the cultivation of madder into southern France. When his attempts to grow cotton in southern France proved fruitless, he began to cultivate Oriental madder; this proved so successful that madder soon became a main crop of the region.
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ALTIN TEPE
V. M. Masson
a settlement of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in the south of Turkmenistan near the village of Miana.
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ALTŪN TAMḠĀ
G. Doerfer
“gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of Iran (including the Chupanids and Jalayerids), especially for financial or property decisions and in documents relating to financial transactions by the state.
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ALTUNTAŠ
C. E. Bosworth
Turkish slave commander of the Ghaznavid sultans and governor in Ḵᵛārazm (408-23/1017-32).