Table of Contents

• ALP ARSLĀN

  K. A. Luther

  Saljuq sultan from 455/1063 to 465/1072.

• ALPTIGIN

  C. E. Bosworth

  Turkish military slave commander of the Samanids and founder of Turkish power in eastern Afghanistan (d. 352/963).

• ALQĀB VA ʿANĀWĪN

  A. Ašraf

  titles and forms of address, employed in Iran from pre-Islamic times.

• ALQĀS MĪRZA

  C. Fleischer

  second of Shah Esmāʿīl’s four surviving sons (1516-1550) and leader of a revolt.

• ALTAIC

  K. H. Menges

   The Altaic peoples and languages are distributed around 45° north latitude, from eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean. 

• ALTHEN, JEAN-BAPTISTE JOANNIS

  S. Schuster-Walser

  (1121-88/1709-74),  who introduced the cultivation of madder into southern France.

• ALTIN TEPE

  V. M. Masson

  a settlement of the Neolithic period and Bronze Age in the south of Turkmenistan near the village of Miana.

• ALTŪN TAMḠĀ

  G. Doerfer

  “gold mark of ownership” (Tk.), a seal that was used throughout their empire by the Mongol rulers of Iran (including the Chupanids and Jalayerids), especially for financial or property decisions and in documents relating to financial transactions by the state.

• ALTUNTAŠ

  C. E. Bosworth

  Turkish slave commander of the Ghaznavid sultans and governor in Ḵᵛārazm (408-23/1017-32). 

• ĀLŪČA

  A. Parsa

  garden plum (Prunus domestica), a fruit with a wide range in size, flavor, color, and texture.