Table of Contents

• ĀFRĪNAGĀN

  M. F. Kanga

  a term for one of the outer Zoroastrian liturgical services.

• AFŠĀN

  P. P. Soucek

  (“sprinkling”), the decoration of paper with flecks of gold and silver, sometimes called zarafšān “gold sprinkling.”

• AFŠĀR

  P. Oberling

  one of the 24 original Ḡuz Turkic tribes.

• AFŠĀR, AḤMAD SOLṬĀN

  Cross-Reference

  See AḤMAD SOLṬĀN.

• AFŠĀR, ḤĀJJĪ BĀBĀ

  Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī

  court physician under Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār.

• AFŠĀRĪ

  H. Farhat

  one of the 12 dastgāhs or modal systems of classical Iranian music.

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• AFSHARIDS

  J. R. Perry

  dynasty (1148-1210/1736-96) founded by Nāder Shah Afšār.

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• AFŠĪN

  C. E. Bosworth

  princely title of the rulers of Ošrūsana at the time of the Muslim conquest, the most famous of whom was Ḵeyḏār (Ḥaydar) b. Kāvūs, d. Šaʿbān, 226/May-June, 841.

• AFŠĪN B. DĪVDĀD

  ʿA. Kārang and F. R. C. Bagley

  founder of the semi-independent Sajid dynasty in Azerbaijan (r. 276/889-90-317/929).

• AFSŪS

  M. Baqir

  (AFSŌS), the taḵalloṣ of MĪR ŠĪR-ʿALĪ, late 18th century poet and translator of India.