Table of Contents

• AČAṘEAN, HRAČʾEAY YAKOBI

  J. R. Russell

  Armenian linguist, born 8 March 1876 (O. S.; 20 March N. S.) at Constantinople. 

• ACƎKZĪ

  C. M. Kieffer

  (ACAKZĪ, or AČƎKZĪ, AČAKẒĪ), a tribal grouping of Paṧtūn clans in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

• ACHAEMENES

  M. A. Dandamayev

  (Greek Achaiménēs), Old Persian proper name Haxāmaniš, traditionally derived from haxā- “friend” and manah “thinking power.”

• ACHAEMENID DYNASTY

  R. Schmitt

  dynasty that ruled Iran from ca. 700 to 330 B.C.E.

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• ACHAEMENID RELIGION

  M. Boyce

  Greek writings establish with all reasonable clarity that the later Achaemenids were Zoroastrians; but the religion of the early kings has been much debated.

• ACHAEMENID SATRAPIES

  Bruno Jacobs

  the administrative units of the Achaemenid empire.

• ACHAEMENID TAXATION

  M. A. Dandamayev

   a most important component of the Achaemenid state administration.

• ACHMA

  R. E. Emmerick

  (a Turkish word meaning “opening”), a town in the Domoko (Dumaqu) oasis near Khotan, so named with reference to the local springs.

• ĀÇINA

  M. A. Dandamayev

  son of Upadarma, a rebel against Darius I.

• ĀÇIYĀDIYA

  R. Schmitt

  (a-ç-i-y-a-di-i-y-), name of the ninth month (November-December) of the Old Persian calendar.

• ACKERMAN, PHYLLIS

  Cornelia Montgomery

  (b. Oakland, California, 1893; d. Shiraz, 25 January 1977), author, editor, teacher and translator in the fields of Persian textiles, European tapestries, Chinese bronzes, iconography, and symbolism.

• ACTA ARCHELAI

  Cross-Reference

  See ARCHELAUS.

• ACTS OF ĀDUR-HORMIZD AND OF ANĀHĪD

  J. P. Asmussen

  Syriac martyrological texts.  

• ACTS OF THE PERSIAN MARTYRS

  A. Vööbus

  a collection of the acts of martyrdom under Šāpūr II (309-79 CE).

• ĀDĀ

  J. Duchesne-Guillemin

  “requital” in Avestan.

• ADAB

  Multiple Authors

  Term applied to a genre of literature as well as to refined and well-mannered conduct; in Persian it is often synonymous with farhang.

• ADAB i. Adab in Iran

  Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh

  Apart from a genre of literature (see section ii), adab in Persian means education, culture, good behavior, politeness, proper demeanor; thus it is closely linked with the concept of ethics.

• ADAB ii. Adab in Arabic Literature

  Ch. Pellat

  In modern Arabic usage the term adab (plur. ādāb) denotes “literature,” but in classical Islam it was applied only to a limited range of literary works.

• ĀDĀB AL-ḤARB WA’L-ŠAJĀʿA

  C. E. Bosworth

  (“The correct usages of war and bravery”), a treatise in a straightforward Persian prose style in the “Mirror for Princes” genre, written by Faḵr-al-dīn Moḥammad b. Manṣūr Mobārakšāh, called Faḵr-e Modabber.

• ADAB AL-KABĪR

  I. Abbas

  an Arabic work by Ebn al-Moqalia ž dealing largely with Persian manners and court etiquette.

• ADAB AL-KĀTEB

  C. E. Bosworth

  (“Manual for secretaries”), a work composed by the celebrated Baghdad scholar probably of Khorasanian mawlā origin, Ebn Qotayba (213-76/828-89).

• ĀDĀB AL-MAŠQ

  M. Dabīrsīāqī

  (“Manual of penmanship”), a short essay on writing the nastaʿlīq hand by the noted Safavid calligrapher Mīr ʿEmād (961-1024/1553-54 to 1615-16).

• ADAB AL-ṢAḠĪR

  I. Abbas

  an Arabic book of wisdom and advice, based on Middle Persian works.

• ADAB NEWSPAPER

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  title of several Persian periodicals.

• ʿADĀLAT

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  (“Justice”), name of several periodicals.

• ADAM, GUILLAUME

  J. Richard

  14th-century traveler.

• ĀDAMĪ

  A. Gorjī

  late 3rd/9th century Shiʿite traditionist.

• ĀDAMĪYAT

  L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  (“Humanity”), name of two Iranian periodicals.

• ĀDAR

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀDUR.

• ĀḎAR

  Cross-Reference

  See ĀDUR.

• ʿADAS

  A. Parsa and N. Ramazani, A. Parsa

  "lentils."

• ADĀT

  Ḵ. Faršīdvard

  “particle,” Arabic word corresponding to the Persian abzār which is used as a technical term in logic (manṭeq), grammar (dastūr), and rhetoric (maʿānī o bayān).

• ADDĀ

  W. Sundermann

  one of the earliest disciples of Mani.

• ʿĀDEL SHAH AFŠĀR

  J. R. Perry

  the royal title of ʿAlī-qolī Khan, r. 1160-61/1747-48, nephew and successor of Nāder Shah.

• ʿĀDELŠĀHĪS

  R. M. Eaton

  A dynasty of Indo-Muslim kings who governed the city-state of Bijapur from 895/1490 to 1097/1686.

• ADERGOUDOUNBADES

  R. N. Frye

  a kanārang (eastern border margrave) appointed by the Sasanian king Kavād (r. 488-531 A.D.).

• ADHAM, MĪRZĀ EBRĀHĪM

  W. Thackston

  11th/17th century poet.

• ADHYARDHAŚATIKĀ PRAJÑĀPĀRAMITĀ

  R. E. Emmerick

  (“The perfection of wisdom in 150 lines”), title of a Praǰñāpāramitā text in Tantric.

• ADIABENE

  D. Sellwood

  a district near the present-day borders of Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.

• ADIB ḴᵛĀNSARI

  Morteżā Ḥoseyni Dehkordi and EIr

  a major vocalist of Persia in the first half of 20th century (1901-1982).

• ADĪB NAṬANZĪ

  ʿA. N. Monzawī

  poet and linguist of the 5th/11th century, from Naṭanz, near Isfahan.

• ADĪB NĪŠĀBURĪ

  J. Matīnī

  Persian litterateur and poet (19th century).

• ADĪB PĪŠĀVARĪ

  Munibur Rahman

  poetic name of SAYYED AḤMAD B. ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN RAŻAWĪ (1844-1930).

• ADĪB ṢĀBER

  Ḏ. Ṣafā

  famous poet of the first half of the 6th/12th century. 

• ADĪB ṬĀLAQĀNĪ

  M. Momen

  prominent Iranian Bahaʾi author of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

• ADĪB-AL-MAMĀLEK FARĀHĀNĪ

  Munibur Rahman

  poet and journalist (1860-1917).

• ĀDĪNEVAND

  P. Oberling

  a small Lur tribe of Lorestān which lives the year round in the baḵš of Ṭarhān.

• ʿADL, Aḥmad-Ḥosayn

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  minister of agriculture, Director General of the Plan Organization, and the first director of the College of Agronomy (1898-1963).

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• ʿADL, MOṢṬAFĀ

  Bāqer ʿĀqeli

  jurist, professor of law, diplomat, minister and senator, known by the title Manṣur-al-Salṭana (1882–1950). 

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• ʿADL-E MOẒAFFAR

  J. Calmard, L. P. Elwell-Sutton

  “Moẓaffar’s justice,” a phrase connected with the events of the Constitutional Revolution (1905-11) and the name of a newspaper.