Table of Contents
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AFŠĀN
P. P. Soucek
(“sprinkling”), the decoration of paper with flecks of gold and silver, sometimes called zarafšān “gold sprinkling.”
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AFŠĀR
P. Oberling
one of the 24 original Ḡuz Turkic tribes.
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AFŠĀR, AḤMAD SOLṬĀN
Cross-Reference
See AḤMAD SOLṬĀN.
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AFŠĀR, ḤĀJJĪ BĀBĀ
Ḥ. Maḥbūbī Ardakānī
court physician under Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār.
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AFŠĀRĪ
H. Farhat
one of the twelve dastgāhs or modal systems of classical Iranian music. In the contemporary tradition, Afšārī is customarily classified as a derivative of the dastgāh Šūr. In fact, however, Afšārī is quite independent and possesses its own modal characteristics as well as its own forūd (cadence) pattern.
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AFSHARIDS
J. R. Perry
actual power was exercised for most of this sixty years not by the nominal ruler but by military leaders or other court factions, and for a brief time by Solaymān II, whose reign was an attempted Safavid restoration. The remaining parts of Nāder’s empire were now the sphere of the Zand dynasty in western Iran.
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AFŠĪN
C. E. Bosworth
princely title of the rulers of Ošrūsana at the time of the Muslim conquest, the most famous of whom was Ḵeyḏār (Ḥaydar) b. Kāvūs, d. Šaʿbān, 226/May-June, 841.
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AFŠĪN B. DĪVDĀD
ʿA. Kārang and F. R. C. Bagley
founder of the semi-independent Sajid dynasty in Azerbaijan (r. 276/889-90-317/929).
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AFSŪS
M. Baqir
(AFSŌS), the taḵalloṣ of MĪR ŠĪR-ʿALĪ, late 18th century poet and translator of India.
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ĀFTĀB
L. P. Elwell-Sutton
(“Sun”), name of several Persian periodicals.
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AFTARĪ
G. L. Windfuhr
the dialect of Aftar (population about 1,200), located at lat 35°39′ N, long 53°07′ E in the mountains one kilometer west of the Semnān-Fīrūzkūh road to Māzandarān. Historical phonology shows Aftarī as a Northwest (i.e. non-Perside) dialect of Iranian.
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AFTĪMŪN
A. Parsa
a medicinal herb.
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ĀFURIŠN
W. Sundermann
“blessing, praise,” a technical, literary term for a category of Manichean hymns.
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AFUŠTAʾI NAṬANZI, MAḤMUD
Kioumars Ghereghlou
(d. after 1599), poet and historian of the Safavid period, author of the chronicle Noqāwat al-āṯār.
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AFYŪN
S. Shahnavaz
"opium," its production and commerce in Iran.
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AFŻAL AL-ḤOSAYNĪ
P. P. Soucek
painter active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās II (1052-77/1642-66).
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AFŻAL AL-TAWĀRIK
Charles Melville
title of a chronicle of the Safavid dynasty, composed by Fażli b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin b. Ḵᵛāja Ruḥ-Allāh Ḵuzāni Eṣfahāni.
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AFŻAL BEG QĀQŠĀL
W. Kirmani
South Indian taḏkera writer.
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AFŻAL KHAN
W. E. Begley
title of MOLLĀ ŠOKRALLĀH ŠĪRĀZĪ, Mughal court official (ca. 978-1048/1570-1639).
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AFŻAL KHAN ḴAṬAK
J. Enevoldsen
(b. 1075/1664-65), chief of the Ḵaṭak tribe, Pashto poet, and author ofTārīḵ-emoraṣṣaʿ.