Table of Contents

  • ADMINISTRATION in Iran vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar periods

    S. Bakhash

    The rise of the Safavids was marked by developments that significantly influenced the nature of political, military, and revenue administration.

  • ADMINISTRATION in Iran vii. Pahlavi period

    R. Sheikholeslami

    The constitution of 1906 and the supplementary laws of 1907 provided the juridical foundation for a legal-rational state within which the legislature was empowered to establish and modify the administration.

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  • ʿADNĪ, MAḤMŪD PĀŠĀ

    T. Yazici

    (879/1474), Ottoman vizier and poet, better known in Turkish literature by his pen name ʿAdnī.

  • ADRAPANA

    C. J. Brunner

    the third station from the western border of “Upper Media” recorded by Isidore of Charax in the 1st century CE.

  • ADRĀVVŪN

    M. F. Kanga

     Gujarati term for the Parsi betrothal ceremony (in Persian nāmzadī). 

  • ADUKANAIŠA

    R. Schmitt

    (a-du-u-k-n-i-š-), name of the first month (March-April) of the Old Persian calendar.

  • ĀDUR

    M. Boyce

    (and ādar) Middle Persian word for “fire;” the Avestan form is ātar (of unknown derivation), and the late form is arabicized in New Persian as āẕar.

  • ĀDUR BURZĒN-MIHR

    M. Boyce

    an Ātaš Bahrām, i.e., a Zoroastrian sacred fire of the highest grade. 

  • ĀDUR FARNBĀG

    M. Boyce

    an Ātaš Bahrām, that is, a Zoroastrian sacred fire of the highest grade, held to be one of the three great fires of ancient Iran, existing since creation.

  • ĀDUR GUŠNASP

    M. Boyce

    an Ātaš Bahrām, that is, a Zoroastrian sacred fire of the highest grade, held to be one of the three great fires of ancient Iran, existing since creation.

  • ĀDUR NARSEH

    A. Tafażżolī

    son of the Sasanian king Hormozd II (302-09 CE) and ruler for several months after his father.

  • ĀDUR-ANĀHĪD

    Ph. Gignoux

    3rd century CE  Sasanian “queen of queens.”  

  • ĀDUR-BŌZĒD

    A. Tafażżolī

    a Sasanian mobad of mobads (mowbedān mowbed) or high priest.

  • ĀDURBĀD ĒMĒDĀN

    A. Tafażżolī

    second author of the 9th century CE Zoroastrian compilation, Dēnkard.  

  • ĀDURBĀD Ī MAHRSPANDĀN

    A. Tafażżolī

    (“Ādurbād, son of Mahrspand”), Zoroastrian mobad of mobads (mowbedān mowbed) or high priest in the reign of the Sasanian king Šāpūr II (309-79 CE). 

  • ĀDURBĀDAGĀN

    Cross-Reference

    See AZERBAIJAN iii. Pre-Islamic History.

  • ĀDURFARNBAG Ī FARROXZĀDĀN

    A. Tafażżolī

    first author of the 9th century CE Zoroastrian compilation, the Dēnkard

  • ĀDURFRĀZGIRD

    C. J. Brunner

    a brother of the Sasanian king Šāpūr II (309-79 CE) who is mentioned in the Syriac Acts of the Persian Martyrs.

  • AELIANUS, CLAUDIUS

    M. L. Chaumont

    a sophist of the first third of the 3rd century CE, from Praenest near Rome. His chief service to Iranian history was the preservation of some data from the works of Ctesias of Cnidus, the Greek physician of Artaxerxes II.

  • AĒŠMA

    J. P. Asmussen

    “wrath” in Younger Avestan, both metaphysically, as a distinct demon, and psychologically as the function and quality of that demon realized in man.