BARSĪĀN

 

BARSĪĀN (also Bersīān, locally called Bīsyūn), a village in the dehestān of Barāʾān 45 km southeast of Isfahan on the north bank of the Zāyandarūd; it is situated on the old caravan route from Isfahan which, following the river, passed through Barsīān, Varzana, Ḵargūšī, Yazd, and further on to Ṭabas and Mašhad, and which provided the locality—which prospered quickly in Saljuq times—with its commercial under­pinnings. According to Mostawfī (Nozhat al-qolūb,p. 51, tr. p. 58), Barsīān is in the seventh district of the Isfahan area. An expression of its former prosperity is its mosque (M. B. Smith, Ars Islamica 4, 1937, pp. 7ff.), which exhibits three main construction phases (Kleiss, AMI, N.S. 5, 1972, pp. 214f.). The oldest component is the original free-standing Saljuq minaret, which is dated 491/1097-98). Built next to the minaret in 528/1134 was the domed Saljuq mosque. The structure has a dome diameter of 10.3 m and is in the form of a pavilion open on four sides. The central chamber was surrounded by an arcade which was removed in modern times. The domed chamber is significant in the art history of Iran for its decorative brickwork and its stucco meḥrāb (dated 498/1105), comparable to features found in the older north domed chamber (Gonbad-e ḵākī) of Isfahan’s Masjed-e Jomʿa (Friday mosque; 481/1088) and to those in apparently Mongol domed mosques in the neighboring villages of Kāj, Daštī, and Ezīran. Early in the Safavid era under Shah Ṭahmāsb I (r. 930-84/1524-­76), a two-ayvān courtyard was appended to Barsīān’s domed mosque. As discernible from the foundation, it was erected with sun-dried brick covered by baked brick; its upper wall sections, for the most part, have been destroyed. The kind of façade that was used on the entire structure is no longer discernible. The space inside of the Saljuq domed chamber is articulated by three-quarter brick colonettes with ornamental mortar plugs in the joints.

Barsīān is the second caravan stop southeast of Isfahan. A Safavid caravansary, renovated in Qajar times, occupies the site today. It is a medium-sized structure 51.5 x 40 m with two axial ayvāns on the courtyard, one of them at the inner end of the domed entrance block, which is of baked brick. Four stables are located in the front and rear parts of the building; the entrances are in the oblique corner walls of the court­yard. The sleeping quarters are ranged round the courtyard, each entered through a small ayvān. North of the caravansary are the remains of a Safavid bath, which belonged to it (Kleiss, art. cit., pp. 223f.). East of the Saljuq domed mosque of Barsīān is a 40 x 40 m earthwork fort encircled by a trench, which appears to have served as a fortified way station and outer gateway to the caravansary (Siroux, Anciennes voies et monu­ments, p. 38).

The ten-sided fortress Nāranj Qaḷʿa has been dated to the Saljuq period (Siroux, pp. 88f.); at one time it sported ten circular towers and also served as a road station. Nāranj Qaḷʿa is also surrounded by a trench. The presence of the square earthwork fort, the ten­-sided Saljuq Nāranj Qaḷʿa, and the caravansary attest Barsīān’s significant place on the main route which ran from Isfahan to Yazd from early Islamic/Saljuq times until well into the Safavid period, shifted in Qajar times northward, and today runs through Nāʾīn.

 

Bibliography:

A. Rafīʿī Mehrābādī, Āṯār-e mellī-e Eṣfahān, n.p., 1352 Š./1974, pp. 814ff., 827.

 

Figure 1. Overall view of the Barsiān mosque (2006).

Figure 2. Interior view of the dome, Barsiān mosque (2006).

Figure 3. Interior view of the Barsiān mosque, showing the mehrāb (2006).

 

Search terms:

 برسیان barsiyan barsian barsiyaan

 

(W. Kleiss)

Originally Published: December 15, 1988

Last Updated: October 18, 2013

This article is available in print.
Vol. III, Fasc. 8, pp. 824-825